Larsa
Larsa (modern Tell as-Senkereh), a city located ca. 21 km east of Uruk, was an important southern Mesopotamian cult center of the sun-god (Utu/Šamaš). Its principal religious structure was called Ebabbar, just like the Š
Loci · Civitates · Stationes
1,500 Historical Place Profiles
Selected from 34,701 locally preserved Pleiades records. Every page keeps representative-point semantics separate from political or ecclesiastical boundaries.
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S. Rocchino
Located in the eastern periphery of modern Viareggio on the road to Massarosa, the small site at San Rocchino was excavated in a series of campaigns between the mid 1960s and early 1970s. After evidence of occasional use
Isin
Isin (modern Ishan al-Bahriyat), a city located 107 km southeast of Babylon and 27 km south of Nippur, was an important cult center of the healing goddess Gula (who was also called Ninisinna, the “Lady of Isin”). Its pri
Nineveh/Ninos
This important Mesopotamian city flanks the eastern edge of the Tigris flood plain, opposite modern Mosul, of which it is now a suburb. From the third millennium B.C. onwards, Nineveh was the most important religious cen
Dilbat
Dilbat (modern Tell ed-Duleym), a small city southeast of Babylon on the eastern bank of the Euphrates River, was the cult center of the god Uraš and the goddess Ninegal. The site consists of two mounds of ruins: the lar
Civita di Bagno
Civita di Bagno is the modern name for a small settlement that dates back at least to the Roman Late Republican period. Within the modern town, several key monuments are known, such as a podium temple (late 2nd c. BCE?),
Nimrud
In the ninth century BC, Ashurnasirpal II (r. 883-859 BC) built himself a new administrative center. Kalhu (biblical Calah) — modern Nimrud, a site identified as Larissa, a city mentioned in Xenophon’s Anabasis — became
Sippar-Amnanum
Sippar-Amnanum (modern Tell ed-Der; also referred to as Sippar-Annunītu) was a small city located 6 km northeast of Sippar and 63 km north of Babylon. The goddess Annunītu was the patron deity of this sister city of Sipp
Sidi Larbi Boujema
Remains of a presumably Roman settlement were identified but not excavated in the 20th century at the "seyyid" or "marabout" of "Sidi Larbi Boujema", which is said to be situated on the west side of the river Sabou, alon
Kunulua/Tell Tayinat
Tell Tayinat (ancient Kunulua) is a large site (comprising both a sizeable citadel and a sprawling lower town) located at the northern bend of the Orontes River, ca. 30 km southeast of Antakya (ancient Antioch). Strategi
Thospia/Bouana/‘Ospa’/Ṭušpa
Ṭušpa is an Urartian fortress and settlement near the historic center of Van in southeastern Turkey. Here archaeological remains of buildings and inscribed objects of several Urartian kings starting with Sarduri I (ninth
Stiris/Steiris
An ancient settlement of eastern Phocis. The site of ancient Steiri has only ever been partly explored and defined. The city was located in an area known locally today as Paliokhori. The acropolis has been identified on
Souk el Arba
A Roman camp with baths and associated settlement were identified at modern Souk El Arbaa in Morocco in the late 19th and 20th centuries on high ground occupied by a qubba called "Sidi Aïssa". Although ancient structures
Davti-blur
Davti-blur is the Armenian name of an Urartian settlement situated on a natural hill near the modern village Nor-Armavir. Just like the settlement on the immediately adjacent hill, Armavir, which in Urartian was called A
Alb(i)um Intimilium/Albintimilium
Alb(i)um Intimilium/Albintimilium (modern Ventimiglia) was the main settlement of the Ligurian tribe of the Intemelii. In the 2nd century BC, it came under the control of the Roman Republic. Albintimilium became a munici
Sicyon/Demetrias
Sicyon/Demetrias was an important ancient city of the Corinthiad, located some 26 km to the west of Corinth. The city had a long history, beginning in the Archaic period when Orthagorid tyrants ruled it. It flourished in
Doliche
An ancient settlement of the Thessalian Perraibia. Precise localization of Doliche has a complex scholarly history. It was long assumed to be located in the vicinity of modern Dolichi/Duklista in Greece's Larisa regional
Skepsis
An ancient settlement in the upper watershed of the Skamander (modern Karamenderes) river, located at and around the modern village of Kurşunlu in Turkey's Bayramiç (Çanakkale province). Significant archaeological remain
Duronia
The compilers of the Barrington Atlas include two ancient places called "Duronia" on map 44. This instance of Duronia corresponds to a fortified Samnite settlement that S.P. Oakley refers to as "Civita di Duronia". This
Ietas
Located in western Sicily, Ietas has a long and complex history. The settlement is today located within the municipality of San Cipirello, atop Mount Iato in the hinterland of Palermo. Elymians occupied this site beginni
Molino San Vincenzo
Field surveys, geophysical prospection, as well as targeted research and training excavations, have revealed the remains of a mid- to late- imperial rural settlement with evidence for agricultural activity. However, the
Molyvoti/Stryme?
Stryme was colonized by Greeks from the island of Thasos in the Archaic period, but by at least the 4th century BCE it appears to have fallen under the political and economic power of Maroneia. Stryme is probably to be i
Belmina
Mentioned in ancient sources, this settlement of ancient Arcadia was perhaps a polis during the Classical period. It lay near the border with Laconia and Shipley argues it was seized and controlled by Sparta from the mid
Dur-Sharrukin
Dūr-Šarrukīn (“Fort Sargon”), modern Khorsabad, became the capital of the Assyrian Empire during the reign of the eighth-century-BC ruler Sargon II (r. 721–705 BC). According to the Assyrian Eponym Chronicle, the foundat
Carchemish
An ancient city that was part of the Mitanni, Hittite, and Neo-Assyrian Empires (Kargamiš in Hittite; commonly Carchemish). The site was occupied as early as the Neolithic and Chalcolithic periods; evidence for Early Bro
Ancyra (Phrygia)
An ancient settlement of Phrygia, near the origin of the Mekestos river. Heavily spoliated, especially since the mid-19th century, and now cultivated, a Byzantine fortress on the hill immediately east of modern Boğazköy
Zygris (Marsa Baqqush)
An ancient anchorage on the Mediterranean coast of modern Egypt mentioned by Ptolemy (Zygis limen) and in the Stadiasmus Maris Magni. This Zygris (not to be confused with another also mentioned by Ptolemy) has been ident
Peshwaran
An archaeological site located in Afghanistan's Nimruz Province, some 25 km south of Lash Juwain. Materials on the site ate to the period between the ninth and thirteenth centuries. A large archaeological complex estimat
Marad
Marad (modern Tell Wannat es-Sadum), a city located ca. 60 km southeast of Babylon, was the cult center of the god Lugal-Marda; it is approximately halfway between Babylon and Isin, on the Arahtu canal. Details about the
Qatna
A city in western Syria that was first settled in the Early Bronze Age III (ca. 2700-2600 BCE). In the Middle Bronze Age (2000-1600 BCE), it became a major trading center and the capital of a regional kingdom. In the Lat
Korkai/Kolchoi
An ancient settlement of southeastern India associated with trade and pearl fishery in both Sangam and Roman literature (Ptolemy calls it an "emporion"). Although the area -- where chance finds, and excavation have surfa
*Vanisnesi
Extensive Roman ruins identified by Gsell (AAA, whence BAtlas) at a site he called Oum Sekak in the Hassenaoua district of modern Algeria. He estimates the site extent at 13 hectares and reports the remains of a church.
El-Guerria
Remains of superimposed Arab and Roman settlements recorded by Gsell (AAA, whence BAtlas) on and around a hill about three kilometers to the southwest of the village of "Medjana" at "El Guerria" on the "Oued Lechbour". T
Ashur/‘Lamban’?/‘Liba(nai)’?
Aššur, modern Qal'at Sherqat, is an Assyrian city on the western bank of the Tigris River. Named after its enigmatic tutelary deity, it was the original capital, ancestral home, and burial place of the Assyrian royal fam
Mareia?/Philoxenite
Immediately north of modern Hawwariya on the southern shore of Lake Mariout in Egypt, archaeological excavations have uncovered an extensive and evidently purpose-built settlement of the latter sixth century CE, with rem
Pergamum
An important ancient settlement, located at modern Bergama in Turkey. It was first described in Xenophon's Anabasis and was later used as a treasury under Lysimachus. Pergamum became the administrative capital and princi
Usays
Vogüé (1868 and 1877) assumed that the large, square fort and bath facilities at the extinct Jebel Seis volcano in Syria were Roman (whence Dussaud 1927 whence BAtlas); however, excavations in the 1960s demonstrated that
Pašime
Pašime is an ancient settlement located at Tall Abū Šījah, an archaeological site in the Maysan province of southeastern Iraq, close to the Iranian border. The site was inhabited perhaps already from the fourth millenniu
Qal’eh-i Imam
Qal’eh-i Imam (“Imam Fortress”), also call Qal’eh-i Marivan (“Marivan Fortress”), is one of the most important castles and fortresses in the Kurdistan Province, Marivan District, Iran. This now-ruined military fortificat
Ayanis
Ayanis (or Ayanıs, now Ağartı Kalesi) is an Urartean fortress and settlement located 35 km north of Van on a rocky outcrop 250 m above Lake Van (1867 m above sea level). It was founded in the 7th century BCE under Rusa,
Sinzig
Modern Sinzig in Germany's Rheinland-Pfalz was the site of a Roman-era pottery manufacturing site. Scattered other Roman archaeological remains have been identified over the years, but a settlement center -- presumed to
Nagadiba
Ptolemy records a city and island called "Nagadiba" and also provides the ethnic name "Nagadiboi". One strand of twentieth century western scholarship, reflected in BAtlas, tentatively placed this site on the northeaster
Panormos (Crete) / Aulopotamos?
Panormos was an ancient settlement and port of northern Crete, mentioned by Pliny. The Roman-era site was probably near and/or now covered by the destroyed remains of the 13th century Castel Milopotamo (Kastelli Mylopota
Athis/Neocaesarea
A first- through tenth-century CE settlement located on the right bank of the Euphrates River in Syria's Aleppo Governorate, the site of Dibsi Faraj was excavated in the 1970s ahead of the Tabqa Dam project which eventua
Khaybar
An ancient, fortified oasis settlement in the western Arabian peninsula that has produced archaeological evidence for occupation from prehistoric times to today. It is named "Hibra" in an inscription of Nabonidus, dating
Aynuna
In modern Saudi Arabia, about 3km inland from the modern fishing port of al‑Khuraybah on the Gulf of Aqaba, a pair of ancient Nabatean sites occupy high ground to the northwest of the Wadi Aynuna. Settled since at least
Ksar Chouline
A small modern village now lies at the site of an ancient fortified farm or villa and associated small settlement (name unknown), approximately 13 km northwest of modern Tataouine in Tunisia. Archaeological survey, publi
Fano
According to M.T. Giannotta, Fano (or Masseria Fano) in the comune of Salve, province of Lecce, south Italy, has produced evidence for first-millennium BCE settlement activity. This data has chiefly been acquired from fi
Kas(h)kar
Kas(h)kar was a significant Sasanian city, originally built on the west bank of the Tigris river in what is now modern Iraq's al-Kut district. A major flood in antiquity moved the channel of the Tigris, leaving Kashkar o
Kastellum Turrensium/Matidianum
Gsell (AAA, whence BAtlas) reports as "El Mehiriss" the findspot of a Roman inscription marking the boundaries of fields assigned to the "coloni Kasturrenses" by Matidia Minor (Trajan's grand-niece). In 2025, this locale
Tolmo de Minateda
Tolmo de Minateda was an early Roman hilltop oppidum located in the municipal territory of modern Helin in the Spanish autonomous community of Castilla-La Mancha. It was abandoned in the second century CE and then reoccu
Altin Dilyar tepe
Altin Dilyar tepe is a place located in Afghanistan's Balkh Province. It lies to the north of Balkh, about 22 km south of the Oxus River (Amu Darya) and 16 kilometers north of Daulatabad, according to Ball (1982: 38). Th
Asharne
Tell ‘Acharneh is located 35 km northwest of Hama, on the north bank of the Orontes River, at the crossroads of two main trade routes. This center for the production of oil, wax, and wheat was occupied during the Bronze
Caulonia
In 1863, the Italian community known as Castelvetere (Province of Reggio Calabria) renamed itself Caulonia, based on the then-current belief that the town corresponded to the ancient city of Kaulonia, which in fact lies
Pydna/Kitron
According to Apollodorus, Archelaos relocated the population of coastal ancient Pydna (q.v.), remains of which lie on the southern edge of modern Marygialos, to a new, inland site. Scholars believe that, by the Roman era
Bulla Regia
A center for Numidian royalty, Bulla Regia first became an oppidum liberum in the reign of Augustus and then a colony under Hadrian. The site, which boasts significant archaeological remains, lies in modern Tunisia, abou
Anurādhapura
The ancient capital of Sri Lanka from the fourth century BCE to the 11th century CE. It was recorded under the name Anourogrammon by Ptolemy, who notes its primary political status (Basileion). It has sometimes been argu
Tell Barri/[Kahat]
Tell Barri/[Kahat] is an archaeological site located along the Wadi Jaghjagh, a tributary of the Khabur River, in north-eastern Syria's Al-Hasakah Governorate. The ancient name of the site was Kahat. The site is occupied
La Graufesenque
La Graufesenque is the name of an archaeological site located in southern France at the point of the confluence of the Tarn and Dourbie rivers. The archaeological site is across the river valley from Millau, known in ant
Ctesiphon
An imperial capital of the Arsacid and Sasanian empires, this large ancient city originated as early as the third century BCE and declined in the eighth century CE. It was located on the left bank of the Tigris River 35
Tel Kabri
Archaeological site near the modern settlement of Kabri in northern Israel. The site shows signs of occupation from the late Neolithic period and the Early (Ia-II) and Middle (IIA-B) Bronze Ages. The site was an importan
Termitito
Termitito is located in the hinterland of the ancient city of Herakleia in Lucania (in the vicinity of present-day Policoro. Herakleia and its hinterland have been the subject of extensive fieldwork. The remains of a Rom
Magliana Vecchia
"Magliana Vecchia" is the name of the 40th urban administrative zone of the Comune di Roma. It is located to the southwest of the city center and straddles the Grande Raccordo Anulare (Ring Road) line that circles the ci
Panormos (port of Didyma)
A port on the Aegean coast of Caria, south of Miletus, that provided a point of debarkation for travelers to Didyma, Panormos has been identified with the modern bay of Kovela Limanı. Although the ancient shoreline, harb
Cannatello
An archaeological site located in the territory of the eponymous frazione of the Italian municipality of Agrigento, Sicily. A middle and late Bronze Age fortified settlement dating to the fourteenth to thirteenth / twelf
Castellum Vartan(...)
A fortified ancient Roman settlement noted by Gsell (AAA, whence BAtlas) in the vicinity of contemporary "Koudiat Adjela". The fragmentary ancient name was provided by an inscription discovered in 1930 at "Mechta Sidi-Ha
Lindinis
A Roman fort is thought to have been established at Lindinis (modern Ilchester) ca. 60 CE. The site protected the crossing of the Fosse Way over the River Yeo. The settlement developed in phases from the first to the fou
Nopigeia
Remnants of an ancient settlement have been identified south and east of the modern beach village of Nopigeia on Crete that date to at least the 5th century BCE. The church of Agios Georgios Nopigion, which is located be
Teichos Dymaion
The site of Teichos Dymaion is located in Achaea and was continuously occupied in antiquity. Its megalithic fortifications date to the time of the Mycenaeans. In the first millennium BCE, the site's strategic value makes
Laci(ni)murga
Following TIR, the Barrington Atlas tentatively placed this ancient settlement at the archaeological site in Spain known today as Cerro del Cogolludo, which is located near the modern town of Navalvillar de Pela. Variant
Dagana
An ancient city of southern Sri Lanka. It was characterized by Ptolemy as "sacred to Selene", a description repeated in the Arabic geographic tradition. Its precise location is uncertain: BAtlDir echoes earlier suggestio
Kaveripumpattinam/Poombuhar
This ancient settlement and seaport was located on the southeastern coast of peninsular India in the vicinity of the modern village of Poompuhar/Poombuhar. Excavations (including a wood-then-brick-built wharf carbon-date
Methone (Pieria)
An ancient settlement in Macedonian Pieria on a hilltop named Koryphi, near modern Nea Agathoupolis in the Pydna-Kalindros municipality in Pieria, Greece. The site was occupied from the Late Neolithic period (ca. 4000 BC
Xantheia
The ancient Thracian city of Xantheia, located somewhere in the vicinity of ancient Maroneia (modern Ag. Kharalabos in the Greek administrative region of Eastern Macedonia and Thrace). No archaeological evidence connects
Kadıkalesi/Anaia
The modern Turkish name Kadıkalesi denotes a modern coastal neighborhood in Turkey's Aydın province, the extensive Byzantine fortified settlement (sometimes "Kadı Kalesi") that gave the neighborhood its name, and the mul
Arteda Civitate
An early medieval settlement in Spain (9th to 13th centuries CE) listed in contemporary Latin documents. This settlement is now identified with a second phase of occupation of an archaeological site known as El Forau de
Mostene
An ancient city of Lydia in Asia Minor is attested in literature and by coinage and inscriptions found at multiple locations. Its precise location is not known. BAtlas tentatively placed it (with a hollow symbol) "near [
Metapa
According to Polybius, this ancient settlement of Aetolia was razed by Philip of Macedon. Stephanus of Byzantium places Metapa in Acarnania. Pritchett (SAGT) meticulously describes the vicinity and identifies the site of
Samshvilde
Fortified settlement in southern Georgia. The Samshvilde site is one of the oldest cities in Georgia, with remains from the Bronze Age Kura-Araxes Culture. Samshvilde was an important city in the late antique and medieva
Sur Jureh
Sur Jureh (also Sur Jurʿeh, Sūr Ğurʿa) is a site in the middle Euphrates region in what was part of the ancient kingdom of Suhu. The city, which is probably to be identified with ancient Gabbāri-bānî (or Gabbāri-ibni), w
Phrixa(i)
An ancient settlement, thought by modern scholars to have been located east of the site of ancient Olympia and south of the Alpheios river in the vicinity of modern Frixa. CFL/AGO reports the discovery of Classical/Helle
Tell Abu Dhahir
Tell Abu Dhahir is located on the right bank of the Tigris River, 90 km northwest of Mosul. The British Archaeological Expedition in Iraq conducted excavations there between October 1985 and April 1986, in advance of the
Horoztepe Bronze Age Settlement and Necropolis
An archaeological site in modern Turkey's Tokat province that now lies in the eastern portion of the modern town of Erbaa. Excavations were conducted there in the mid-20th century. It is best known for having produced ar
Chogha Mish
The Chalcolithic settlement site of Chogha Mish, also known as Tappeh-ye Choghā Mīsh, dates originally to the early seventh millennium BCE and is located on the Susiana Plain of western Iran. The site was occupied contin
Dharanikota/Pitoura
Dharanikota is a modern village adjoining Amaravathi on the southern bank of the Krishna river in Andhra Pradesh. Ancient habitation, attested by pottery, and a series of wharfs and water management structures in various
Harpham Roman Villa and Settlement
An extensive Roman courtyard complex and associated crossroads settlement in East Yorkshire, lying to the immediate north of the modern Harpham Grange and northwest of Burton Agnes. A small portion of the mostly invisibl
Tall Ajrab
Tell Agrab, or Ajrab, is a medium-sized archaeological mound in the Diyala Province of central Iraq, some forty kilometers east of Baghdad. The site was excavated by archaeologists from the Oriental Institute of the Univ
Tall Bāzy
Archaeological site on the eastern bank of the Euphrates in northern Syria. The site contains a town dated to the Early Bronze Age III-IVA (mid-3rd millennium BCE), as well as a Roman sanctuary used only briefly from abo
Unnamed settlement near Dawadiche, Algeria
Remains of an ancient settlement of Roman date, recorded by Gsell (AAA, whence BAtlas). The location should lie within a kilometer of the BAtlas coordinates: a point along the modern road between Meğana and Chebaïka in t
Sarantaporo ancient settlement
Located just east of modern Sarantaporo in the Elassona municipality (Larisa, Greece), this ancient settlement was excavated in the late 20th century. Its excavators proposed an identification with ancient Doliche, which
Thistleton Roman Town
A small town of the Roman era, with likely Iron Age antecedent and associated farmsteads and field systems, located near and around modern Thistleton, Market Overton, and Kendrew Barracks (the former RAF Cottesmore) in R
Arainon
An ancient settlement of Laconia, mentioned by Pausanias. Kiesling (ToposText) notes: "Based on the similarity of the names, Forster placed Arainos/Arainon at the modern coastal village of Ageranos. Just to the south, at
Cnidus (Burgaz)
A Greek city of ancient Caria that was part of the Dorian Hexapolis, was initially probably located at modern Burgaz in south-western Asia Minor on the Datça peninsula (Knidia) in Turkey. In the late fourth century BCE,
Ekalte
Ekalte, modern Tall Munbāqa, is a medium-sized Bronze Age settlement on the left bank of the Euphrates in northern Syria, ca. 85 kilometres east of Aleppo. Inhabited as early as 2,000 BCE, Ekalte grew to become a signifi
Sais
Sais was an ancient Egyptian town located in the Western Nile Delta on the Canopic branch of the Nile River. It served as the provincial capital of Sap-Meh, the fifth nome of Lower Egypt, and became a capital during the
Başbulak
Başbulak/Bulakbaşı/Kanî Kewang is situated near Taşburun in the Kars province in eastern Turkey. Here a stone block with an inscription of the Urartian king Minua (9th / 8th century BCE) was found, in which he claims to
Longthorpe
A Roman vexillation fortress of the first century A.D. was located at Longthorpe near Peterborough. The site was first identified via crop marks in 1961 and some excavations were carried out between 1967 and 1971. Nothin
Mamallapuram
An ancient settlement and modern town (also known as Mahabalipuram) located on the east coast of peninsular India. It is the site of a large complex of Hindu temples dating to the 7th/8th centuries CE that is registered
Kromna
An ancient settlement located between Kenchreai and Korinth. Archaeological survey and excavation reveal a rich record of human occupation from the Neolithic period onward in the area around modern Hexamilia. The Archaic
Ouled Agla
Modern Ouled Agla in Algeria (French colonial Lecourbe) was the site of a major Roman settlement, covering an area possibly as large as 30 hectares, although little remains today. Gsell (AAA, whence BAtlas) argued that i
Halieis
An ancient Greek harbor city in the Argolid (across from the modern village of Porto Cheli) that was abandoned toward the end of the fourth century BCE. Excavated remains include fortification walls (as early as the eigh
Meydancıkkale/Kiršu
An ancient fortified complex located on a natural outcropping of the Taurus mountains near the modern village of Tırnak in the Gülnar district of Turkey's Mersin Province. Identified as KRS (Kirsi/Kirshu) in neo-Babyloni
Punta Secca
An ancient settlement at Punta Secca on Sicily's southern coast. Many scholars have long identified it as a "Kaukana" mentioned by Ptolemy and Procopius, and this identification has been reflected in modern toponymy and
Parium/Col. Gemella Iulia *Hadriana
Founded as a Greek city in the Propontis region of Anatolia, perhaps ca. 709 BCE, Persians would come to control Parium in 546 BCE. The city allied itself with Athens during the Peloponnesian War, but was subsequently ru
*Istlada
Ruins of an ancient town located in a now-uninhabited forest area near the modern Turkish town of Kapaklı in the Demre district of Antalya province. Its ancient name is known only from fragmentary epigraphic sources of t
Dimini
The modern Greek village of Dimini in Thessaly lends its name to important prehistoric and Bronze Age settlements whose remains lie in its vicinity. In the 20th century, some scholars attempted to assign the placename "A
Thalamai
The site of Thalamai was evidently in an area known in modern times as Svina, in the eastern portion of modern Thalames/Koutiphari on the west side of the Mani peninsula at the base of the Taygetos mountains. Evidence fo
Sybaris/Thurii/Copia
Sybaris was an ancient city of Magna Graecia founded as an Achaean colony as early as 720 BCE on a plain that was drained by both the Crati and Sybaris rivers. Greeks from Kroton destroyed Sybaris ca. 510 BCE. Following
Paianion
An ancient settlement mentioned only by Polybius who reports its destruction and despoiling by Philip of Macedon. Its acropolis is generally agreed to be identifiable with the fortified "Palaiokastro" that lies north of
Aphrodisias/Aphrodisia
A long-lived coastal settlement of the Peloponnese, mentioned by Pausanias and other authors. Its precise location has not been determined; however, it must have been relatively close to Boi(a)i, since it was one of the
Chalcis
Chalkis was a settlement on Euboea, inhabited from the sub-Neolithic period, which played an important role in Greek colonisation of the Mediterranean in the 8th century BC. It was part of the Delian League in the 5th ce
Colle Gentile
Colle Gentile is a naturally defensible hill with good visibility located in the environs of Norba. While the site has not been scientifically excavated, it has been surveyed. The Groningen Institute of Archaeology ident
Edremit
Edremit is a modern settlement and associated administrative region in the Van Province in the southeast of Turkey. In the vicinity, several inscriptions on rock and stone of the Urartian king Minua (9th / 8th century BC
Methana/Arsinoe
Methana/Arsinoe refers to a peninsula and settlement located on the north coast of the Argolid. In geological terms, the peninsula is formed by relatively recent volcanic activity, with the last-known eruptive activity i
Skydra
An ancient settlement, probably to be localized in the southern part of the modern Greek municipality of Skydra on the basis of epigraphic finds in the modern communities of the area, especially Arseni, Loutrokhoroi, and
Stroviki Helladic Settlement
A settlement mound immediately south of modern Stroviki (municipality of Orchomenos, Thessaly and Central Greece) has yielded archaeological evidence for activity from the Neolithic to the Classical period, with a signif
Kurunegala
A city of Sri Lanka where significant numbers of imported coins have been found, including Roman (reigns of Vespasian and Nero) and Chinese (Song and Southern Song dynasties). A Brahmi inscription from Kaduruvava in the
Gleieh
Gleieh (also Gleiʾeh, Glaiʿā) is a small site in the middle Euphrates region and was part of the kingdom of Suhu. The city, which is probably to be identified with ancient Kār-Apladad, was situated on the south bank of t
Felsina/Bononia
A city of the Po Plain with important cultural phases related to Etruscan, Celtic, and Roman culture. Important evidence for the Iron Age Villanovan culture has been found in Bononia and its vicinity. The Romans establis
Diqdiqah
Diqdiqah is a small satellite of the ancient city of Ur in the present-day Dhi Qar province of southern Iraq ca. 20 kilometres southwest of Nasiriyah. The site has yielded substantial archaeological remains dating to the
Seuthopolis
Seuthopolis was an ancient Thracian city that followed Hellenistic paradigms in terms of city planning. The city was founded by the Thracian king Seuthes III in the late fourth century BC and served as the capital of the
Terpni/Paliokastro
A hilltop archaeological site (Paliokastro) located approximately 3km west southwest of the modern Greek town of Terpni (Serres regional unit). Its ancient name is uncertain; some scholars have suggested it be identified
Parentium
Ancient Parentium, now Poreč, Croatia, was a city on the western coast of the Istrian peninsula. There is archaeological evidence of Illyrian settlement from the Bronze Age onward. The site factors in Roman campaigns of
Rhapta
A city and trading port on the east coast of Africa, mentioned in the Periplus of the Erythraean Sea and other sources. Probably to be located in the area south of modern Dar es-Salaam, in or around the Rufiji Delta and
Aphekou Pyrgos
Now occupied by the ruins of a 19th-century fortified manor house built atop and with spolia from a Crusader-era fortress, this hill and environs were in antiquity the site of a fortified village destroyed by the Romans
Stratoni (Stratonikeia/Stratonike?)
Recent archaeological survey and excavation have identified structures, artifacts, and Hellenistic pottery just west of the modern Greek village of Stratoni, on the north-eastern coast of the Chalkidiki peninsula. Excava
'Ir David/Wadi Hilweh
The City of David is the name given in the 20th century to an archaeological site located in the Arab neighborhood of Wadi Hilweh, located south of the Temple Mount and the Ophel in East Jerusalem. The site contains pott
Cyzicus
An ancient city of Mysia in Anatolia, perhaps founded by the Corinthians in 756 BC and then again by the Milesians ca. 675 BC. Its advantageous position in the Propontis made it a major commercial centre. In the 5th cent
Anazarbos/Caesarea/Ioustin(ian)oupolis
Anazarbos or Anazarbus was an ancient city of Cilicia; its extensive multi-period archaeological remains are located adjacent to the modern village of Dilekkaya in the Kozan district of Turkey's Adana province. Anazarbos
La Chapelle-des-Fougeretz
A Gallo-Roman settlement that persisted until the fourth century of the modern era at modern La Chapelle-des-Fougeretz. Known since the 20th century, rescue excavations ahead of a housing development on the southwest edg
Nauplia
Although the Classical/Hellenistic city was deserted in Pausanias' day, archaeology reveals that the area of modern Nafplio and its natural harbor on the Argolic Gulf was repeatedly a site of habitation and human activit
Oued Beht
A large, prehistoric site in modern Morocco's Khémisset province that, at the time of systematic excavations published in 2024, constitutes the "earliest and largest agricultural complex in Africa beyond the Nile corrido
Laino
Laino is located near Cosenza, Italy. According to PECS, the ancient situation should be understood in terms of the two present-day communities, namely Laino Castello and Laino Borgo, located in the valley of the Laos Ri
Cnidus (Tekir)
An ancient settlement located at Tekir on the western tip of the modern Datça peninsula in Turkey (ancient Knidia), which extends from the southwest corner of Asia Minor. In the later fourth century BCE, it grew markedly
Eğrikale
Ruins of an old town or castle on the tall "Felsberg Egri Kalch" near the mouth of the Halys river that were formerly posited as an identification for Herodotus' "Pteria" (thus RE whence BAtlas 87, which labeled Eğrikale
Ferme d'Ithe
In the modern Jouars-Pontchartrain commune of the Yvelines department in France, a ruined medieval farmstead (the Cistercian Ferme d'Ithe, established in the 12th century and occupied until the 20th) sits atop part of th
Iathrippa
Iathrippa was an oasis settlement along the Incense Road. From the Roman period until the advent of Islam the site was the seat of influential Iudaeo-Arabian tribes. Iathrippa would become an important center of Islam. M
Nērebtum
Nērebtum is a medium-sized Bronze Age settlement located east of Baghdad on the left bank of the Diyala river. Nērebtum was inhabited from the third to the early second millennium BCE. Excavations at the site by the Univ
Valvisciolo
An Iron Age settlement and necropolis located in the Monti Lepini near the abbey of Valvisciolo, characterized by polygonal masonry terrace walls. While the ancient name of the site is unknown, various proposals have bee
Lapethos/Lepethis Phoinikon
Located on the north coast of Cyprus 10 km west of Keryneia, Lapethos/Lepethis Phoinikon is known through archaeological remains for the most part. Archaeological evidence shows settlement already in the Late Bronze Age,
Ai Khanoum (Alexandria Oxiana?)
Ai Khanoum is an archaeological site near the modern town of Dast-i-Qal'a in Afghanistan's Takhar Province. It is probably to be identified with the attested name "Alexandria Oxiana" (Alexandria on Oxus), which was found
Chatal Höyük (Amuq)
Mound site in the Amuq Plain inhabited from the late 4th millennium BCE-mid-1st millennium BCE. In the Late Bronze Age Chatal Höyük was the site of a sizeable town with connections to the Hittite Empire. In the Iron Age
Timpone della Motta
The Timpone della Motta is an archaeological site located near Francavilla Marittima. The site was inhabited from the Middle Bronze Age onward. During the Iron Age, an Oenotrian settlement flourished here, one that devel
Persakra
An ancient settlement of India, mentioned by Ptolemy, that Vogel 1952 identifies with the Sanskrit toponym Paricakra in the Shatapatha Brahmana. BAtlDir tentatively locates it in the vicinity of a modern "Sakra" (a commo
Adab
Bismaya, ancient Adab, is a major archaeological mound in southern Iraq. The site is located in the present-day Wāsiṭ Province about 65 kilometres south of al-Kūt. Excavations by E.J. Banks from 1903-05 uncovered extensi
Astron
An ancient settlement mentioned by Ptolemy and thought to have been located in the vicinity of the modern coastal town of Paralio Astros. The prominent remains of the castle immediately above the town date to the 17th or
Nikonion
Nikonion received a sixth-century B.C. colony from either Miletos or Istros. It was assessed tribute by the Delian League in 425/4 B.C. Authors such as Pseudo-Skylax refer to the site as a polis in the urban sense. The c
Zervokhori
A fortified settlement, probably constructed in the Hellenistic period, located south of the modern Greek village of Asfaka (Souli municipality, Epirus). An extensive, elite residence was built inside the fortification i
Mersin-Yumuktepe
A tell known today as "Yumuktepe" is located at modern Mersin in Turkey. Excavations there, beginning in the 20th century, have provided evidence for continuous and/or successive human settlement beginning in the Neolith
Tyritake
A coastal settlement founded by Greeks, Tyritake is located about 11 km south of Kerch. The city's foundation dates to the middle of the sixth century BCE, although a Late Bronze Age settlement may have preceded the Gree
Argištiḫinili Artarapšakai
An Urartian city that is attested as "Argištiḫinili in front of Mount/Land Artarapša" in the so-called "Hagi Stele Inscription" of King Argišti II and on bullae recovered from a trash dump on the northern slope of Ayanis
Kyrros
An ancient settlement of Macedonia, probably to be located south of the modern village of Aravisos at the site of a now-abandoned small town known in the 19th century as Palaiokastro. Some scholars have also proposed its
‘Iovis Lareni’
‘Iovis Lareni’ is marked as a station on the Peutinger map. It lies 7 miles from Sulmo. This place coincides with the ancient site of Ocriticum, a pre-Roman and Roman settlement. The site, located in the Italian comune o
Kaneš
Kaneš or Kanesh (Hittite: Neša) is located adjacent to modern Kültepe, thus at times the site is referred to as Kültepe Kaneš. The site was one of continuous occupation from the Chalcolithic period to the time of the Rom
Casian
An unnamed settlement close to the modern village of Casian is also not far from the rock inscriptions from the Șeremet forest. The rock inscriptions mention the limits of the community of the Kasians and their caves. A
Forum Novum (Vescovio)
Forum Novum was a Roman town and an early medieval bishopric. It is located in the Sabine hills and was likely founded as a market center during the Republican period. It had achieved the status of municipium by the firs
Judeideh
Judeideh (also Jedīdē, Judaide) is a site in the middle Euphrates region in what was part of the ancient kingdom of Suhu. The city was situated on the east bank of the Euphrates, about ten kilometers downstream of Anat (
Prostanna
A city of Pisidia, the site of Prostanna is located near modern Eğridir in Turkey in a saddle between the peak of Sivri Tepe and the main body of Davras Daği. Prostanna is mentioned in two literary sources (Ptolemy 5.5.7
Tell el-Samara
Located adjacent to the modern village of el-Samara (Dakahlia governorate, Egypt) and partly covered by its cemetery, this tell provides archaeological evidence for one of the earliest settlements identified in the Nile
Olmones
An ancient village (kome) of Boeotia, mentioned by Pausanias and Stephanus of Byzantium. It is generally identified with a paliokastro located 1km north-northeast of modern Pavlon (1.75km south-southwest of the site of H
Zawiyah
Zāwiyah (also Zawiyeh) is a site in the middle Euphrates region in what was part of the ancient kingdom of Suhu. The city was situated on the north bank of the Euphrates, a few kilometers west of Sur Jureh and Gleieh. Li
Gasr Silu
Gasr Silu, Libya, is an ancient site documented by the British School at Rome under John Bryan Ward-Perkins in 1969. Field study was conducted by Sheila Gibson and Margaret Browne. Photographs in the BSR archive document
Tel Hazor
Tel Hazor (Hebrew: תל חצור) is an archaeological site located in the southern Hula Valley overlooking Lake Merom. From the Middle Bronze Age to the Israelite period in the ninth century B.C., Hazor was the largest fort
Volsinii
Volsinii, also referred to as Volsinii Novi, is thought to be the settlement where Rome resettled the survivors of the Volsinian rebellion of 264 BCE. This episode is discussed by Zonaras (8. 7. 8). A late republican cen
Mali
Near modern Khostia/Prodromos in Boeotia, Máli is the modern name of a peak on a ridgeline where extensive remains of an ancient site, possibly a "refuge site" for the polis of Khorsiai, have been discovered. The populat
Portus Herculis
Portus Herculis is located on the eastern side of the Monte Argentario peninsula, about 40 km south-east of Grosseto and about 7 km south-west of Orbetello. and about 12 km from Porto Santo Stefano. The site was in use a
Topeiros (Paradeisos)
There is evidence for human habitation from the Neolithic onward In and around Paradeisos, a modern Greek village in the Nestos municipality of Kavala, Macedonia and Thrace. Long-standing scholarly consensus holds that t
Alba Longa
Alba Longa, located in the Alban Hills southeast of Rome, was the chief city and founder of the Latin League. Conflict with Rome caused Alba's destruction in the seventh century B.C. The legendary history of Romulus and
Gallo-Roman vicus at Pierrefonds
An extensive (50+ hectares) ancient settlement located in the modern French commune of Pierrefonds, lying between Pierrefonds itself and Mont Berny to the northeast. Variously referred to in the modern literature as "Pie
Artemis Tauropolos temple
Near Artemida/Loutsa in modern Attiki, the archaeological remains of a temple in the Doric order were first identified in 1956. Excavators identified the sanctuary as belonging to Artemis Tauropolos. The compilers of the
Cencelle
A Medieval settlement that, according to textual sources, was founded in 854 by Pope Leo IV to provide a more secure position for the citizens of Centumcellae (Civitavecchia). Situated along the ancient Via Aurelia, Cenc
Ain Amour
A small oasis lying about 60 km north west of Kharga, on the escarpment outlining the depression. It was the only water source along the Darb Ain Amur, one of the two tracks that linked Kharga and Dakhla. The archaeologi
Drepanum
Drepanum, the modern Trapani, Sicily, is an ancient port city. The archaeological remains of the ancient city are meager. During the First Punic War, Hamilcar fortified the site. The Roman Republic lost a naval engagemen
Tenea
Tenea was an ancient city of the Corinthia famous for its sanctuary of Apollo. Scholars have long believed it is to be located in the area of modern Chiliomodi in Greece. Recent scientific excavations have identified the
Henchir el Khaway
Henchir el Khaway is located on the southwest coast of the island of Djerba, in the northwest outskirts of modern Tunisian village of Guellala. The settlement here was founded at least as early as the fifth century BCE.
Unnamed settlement near Meğana, Algeria
Remains of a quarried ancient settlement of Roman date, recorded by Gsell (AAA, whence BAtlas). Gsell places it approximately 2 kilometers southeast of the village of "Medjana". The location should lie within a kilometer
Alagankulam
The ancient settlement associated with the modern village of Alagankulam on the Vaigai river in Tamil Nadu is thought to have been an ancient seaport though now positioned some 3 kilometers from the coast. The immediate
Kephalos Island Settlement
On the small island of modern Kephalos in the Ambracian Gulf, archaeologists discovered a settlement, a pair of Christian basilicas, and other associated structures and small finds. The site may have begun as a refuge se
Korakou
Korakou is a hill located on the Corinthian Gulf near New Corinth. It rises to 35 m above sea level. Carl Blegen conducted excavations at the site in 1915 and 1916. Archaeological remains show continuous use from the Ear
Lamptrai Paraloi/Lamptrai Hypenerthen
Lamptrai Paraloi ("coastal Lamptrai") or Lamptrai Hypenerthen ("Lower Lamptrai") was a coastal deme in the tribe of Erechtheis in Attica. The epithets distinguished it from neighbouring Lamptrai Kathyperthen ("Upper Lamp
Methana/Anthana?
The surviving manuscript of Skylax reports a Methana in the Thyreatis plain on the Gulf of Argolis. The toponym is widely thought to be a corruption of Anthana/Anthane, known from other sources. This place "may have been
Tel Michal
A site on the Mediterranean coast of Israel with signs of habitation from the Middle Bronze Age and the Persian through the Roman periods. In the Hellenistic and Roman periods, its purpose was primarily military, and a s
Cantigi
An ancient settlement attested by an ethnic name in a single, fragmentary funerary inscription. The 19th century findspot of the inscription, presumably in the immediate vicinity of the ancient town, was at a locality ca
Unnamed settlement north of Khelil, Algeria
Remains of an ancient settlement of Roman date, recorded by Gsell (AAA, whence BAtlas). The location should lie within 1 km of the BAtlas coordinates: a point in the territory of modern Khelil, north of the modern road c
Nessana
Nessana is an ancient site located in the Negev Desert. Established during the Hellenistic period, Nessana has numerous occupational phases including as the site of a Roman military garrison in the fourth century CE. The
Monte Cavallerizzo
Monte Cavallerizzo is a fortified Samnite center - perhaps dating to the fourth century B.C. - located in close proximity to the sanctuary at Vastogirardi. According to S.P. Oakley, Monte Cavallerizzo (1,524 meters a.s.l
Akra
An ancient Greek city on the Kerch Strait whose remains are now largely submerged. The surveyed and excavated portions of the city, including fortification walls and other structures, lie on and offshore from an unnamed
Gosbecks
The Gosbecks farm site is the location of a Romano-Celtic temple. The shrine measures 100 meters square and a pre-Roman enclosure lies within the later temenos. The pre-Roman site was likely sacred to the war-god Camulos
Corbio (Latium)
Corbio was an ancient city of Latium located on the northeastern flank of the Alban Hills, although its precise location is no longer secure. This Latin city is said to have fallen to the Aequi and then been the subject
Malloura
Located at Malloura, Cyprus, are the remains of human settlement activity ranging from the Archaic period in the eastern Mediterranean to the time of the Roman Empire. The site has yielded evidence of a sanctuary with vo
Priniatikos Pyrgos
Priniatikos Pyrgos is located on a limestone headland jutting out into the southwest corner of the Gulf of Mirabello in East Crete. Ongoing survey and excavation in the vicinity is producing evidence of occupation from a
Garsaura/Col. Claudia Archelais/Koloneia
Originally known as Garsaura, this place was a key settlement of the strategia of Garsaouritis. King Archelaus refounded it and named it after himself. Under the Roman emperor Claudius the site received colonial status.
Tell el-Heir
An ancient site in the Sinai that was the location of a series of successive fortresses from the Persian through the Roman periods. It may be identifiable with the Greek name Magdolos and/or the Hebrew name Migdol. There
Bouthroton
Modern Butrint (Butrinti) in Albania, ancient Bouthroton was an ancient Greek and later Roman city located in Epirus. The city became an important bishopric by the sixth century. The site was enrolled as a UNESCO World H
El Chuche (settlement)
A Roman-period hilltop site, partially excavated in the 20th century, that lies just west of the modern Spanish village of El Chuche in the municipal district of Benahadux, Almeria. It is probably to be associated with t
Pallantion
An ancient settlement located just west of the modern Greek city that has borne the ancient name since the 20th century (previously Berbati). Archaeological evidence confirms continuous habitation from the archaic throug
Reccopolis
Reccopolis is an urban, Visigothic, ex-novo foundation made under king Liuvigild in A.D. 578. The archaeological remains at the site include a palace complex, public area, basilica, walls, and aqueduct. The site is known
Praeneste
An ancient city of central Italy, the eighth and seventh century B.C. origins of which demonstrate high-level trade contact with the Eastern Mediterranean world. The city withdrew from the Latin League (499 B.C.) and opp
Qa`la Bost
Qa`la Bost is an ancient fortress within the ancient city of Bust, located on the Helmand River in southern Afghanistan and overseeing a major crossroads linking Kandahar and India to eastern Iran. Standing remains at th
Apis
The ancient Apis may correspond to the site of Zawiyet Umm el-Rakham where a substantial Pharaonic fortress of the New Kingdom is known. Zawiyet Umm ar-Racham is located about 310 km west of Alexandria. The site was iden
Apollonia
An ancient road station and settlement along the Via Egnatia in Mygdonia, between Amphipolis and Thessaoniki. Located near the modern municipality of Nea Apollonia in the Thessaloniki province of Greece. Possibly at a lo
Herdoniae/Ardaneae/Civitas Serdonis
Herdonia was an ancient city of Apulia located along the via Minucia. The city was the site of two major engagements of the Second Punic War (212 and 210 BCE, respectively), both of which were Carthaginian victories. The
Ilici/Helike
The site of Ilici began as a pre-Roman settlement that eventually developed into a Roman municipium. The site continued into the Visigothic and Byzantine periods as a minor urban settlement, controlling a vast territory
Stonea
Stonea, also referred to as Stonea Iron Age Camp, is located near March in the Cambridgeshire Fens in eastern England. Occupation of the hill fort begins ca. 500 BCE. Roman activity could be related to a military engagem
Gortyn(a)
The Roman capital of Creta et Cyrenaica province, then Creta, and later seat of the Archbishop of Crete, Gortyna was a thriving community from the Geometric period to the Middle Byzantine period. The first traces of urba
Gilly-sur-Isère
An archaeologically attested "agglomération romaine" (evidently equipped with port and warehouse facilities) at modern Gilly on the Isere river in France (about 4km downriver from Albertville), appears to have been an ex
Mylae
An ancient Greek settlement on the north-east coast of Sicily, located at the base of a peninsula that juts into the Tyrrhenian Sea. A colony of Zancle, it was probably founded in the eighth or seventh century BC. In 260
Serrone di Bove
The small hill that is known as "Il Poggio di Serrone di Bove" is located in the hinterland of ancient Norba and was the site of ancient settlement activity. Architectural remains on the site include those of a polygonal
Soria
Soria is located on the Duero river in north-central Spain. Inhabited in pre-Roman times by the Arevaci, the site became prominent in the eleventh century as it was positioned near the border between Muslim-controlled la
Apsaros/Apsyrtos
Roman fort at the mouth of the modern Chorokhi river in Colchis, established in 63 or 64 CE, rebuilt under Trajan and Hadrian, when it was garrisoned with cohorts from the legio V Macedonica. It was destroyed by an earth
Argilos
An ancient Greek colony on the Thracian coast, established according to literary sources in the 7th century BCE. The latest archaeological evidence for activity at the site dates to the late third century BCE. The site i
Kalaa
Remains of a Roman settlement called, or at a place called, Kalaa in the 19th century. It occupied a ridge approximately 1 kilometer in length and ranging from 200-300 meters in width, the eastern end of which is now cov
Gerasa/Antiochia ad Chrysorhoam
Gerasa (modern Jerash in Jordan) became a substantial center under Antiochos IV Epiphanes, at which time it became known as Antioch on the Chrysorhoas. It became part of the territory of Iudaea and in 63 B.C. Pompeius Ma
Hadda
Haḍḍa, a Greco-Buddhist archeological site, is located in the ancient region of Gandhara, near the Khyber Pass, some ten kilometers south of the city of Jalalabad. This major archaeological site from which archaeologists
Isinda (Pisidian)
An ancient settlement of Pisidia, located at modern Korkuteli in Turkey's Antalya province. The acropolis hill was heavily damaged by the construction of the modern dam in the 20th century. The majority of the ancient se
Mopth(i?)
An ancient settlement and fort known in the 19th and 20th centuries as Henchir el-Ksar. It is located at the eastern foot of the Guellal-ta-Attar where lies the confluence of the Oued Safsaf and the Oued Ghriba (in the m
Cunetio
Cunetio was a Roman town located on the River Kennet adjacent to the modern town of Mildenhall, Wiltshire. It was occupied from the second century to the early fifth century A.D. Its fortification wall seems to have been
Liverdun
Excavations in and around Liverdun carried out in the 1960s revealed evidence for "fairly dense" habitation from prehistoric to Merovingian times. Notable archaeological features included a Gallo-Roman villa (destroyed i
Karystos
Karystos was a Greek polis located on the south coast of Euboea. It is included in Homer's "catalogue of ships" in the Iliad, and its name is also thought to be attested in Linear B documents. The ancient acropolis hill,
Barzan (Gallo-Roman Site)
Site of a Gallo-Roman sanctuary and subsequent city of the Roman imperial period, the "Site gallo-romain de Barzan" is spread across the modern French communes of Barzan, Talmont-sur-Gironde and Arces-sur-Gironde in the
Castiglione di Ragusa
In the modern province of Catania, the site of Castiglione di Ragusa is on a hilltop some 7 km northwest of Ragusa. Already inhabited in the Early Bronze Age, the hill was occupied by a Sikel settlement from approximatel
Mutina
Ancient Mutina (originally the Etruscan town Mutna) was first inhabited by Villanovans and later by Ligurians and the Gaulish Boii. The Boii sieged the city in 218 BC, and later Mutina was re-established as a Roman colon
Harran/Carrhae
A major settlement of Upper Mesopotamia from the Bronze Age onward. The earliest mentions of the site are found in the Ebla tablets (ca. 2300 B.C.). Notably, the location of the Battle of Carrhae between the Roman Republ
Meliteia
A town in Achaia Phthiotis, which usually provided one of the regions' two representatives to the Delphic Amphiktyony. It became part of the Aetolian League around 260 BC and part of the Thessalian League in 189 BC. It r
Plotino(u)polis
A Roman settlement located immediately to the southeast of modern Didymoteicho, Greece, Plotinopolis was founded by the Roman emperor Trajan in honor of his wife, Plotina. Roman-era material culture has been identified a
Malborghetto
The hamlet of Malborghetto, located on the ancient Via Flaminia, is traditionally linked with Constantine the Great and his visions of victory that occurred prior to the battle of Saxa Rubra on 28 October A.D. 312. The q
Asine
Located on the east coast of the Messenian peninsula of the Peloponnese, the ancient city of Asine is thought to have stood where the modern settlement of Koroni stands now. Based on spolia and topography, its acropolis
Civita d'Arlena
Civita d'Arlena (also known as Civita del Fosso di Arlena) is an archaeological site that occupies a hilltop near Lake Bolsena. It was the site of Etruscan occupation until the third century BCE. Excavations carried out
Massalia/Massilia
Massalia/Massilia (modern Marseille, France) was founded by Phocaean Greeks ca. 600 B.C. as a trading outpost. Massalia, in turn, established its own secondary colonies. During the Punic Wars Massalia, was allied to Rome
Roman Villa and Medieval Settlement at Piazza Armerina
The so-called "Villa Romana del Casale" (of Roman date) and the nearby settlement of Piazza Armerina, which seems to have been occupied by survivors from the villa site after it was destroyed in an earthquake in the earl
Körzüt (Arapzengi) Kalesi
Körzüt is the modern Turkish name of an Urartean fortress situated on a rock spur at the southern end of the Muradiye/Berkri plain, about 3 km north of the modern village of Uluşar (Korsot/Gortsut), in the Muradiye distr
Pontecagnano
The ancient settlement of Pontecagnano is located on the plain of the Sele river, about 4 km from the sea. Settlement begins in the Chalcolithic period. The Early Iron Age sees the arrival of people identified as Villano
Tanis
An ancient settlement of the eastern Fayoum, administratively in the ancient Arsinoite nome, that is well-documented in the papyri. The site has been identified with a village known as Manashinshana at the beginning of t
Abai
Abai was an ancient town in Phocis, said to have been founded by the Argive Abas. It has been identified with a hilltop, fortified archaeological site known as Palaiokhori, near modern Exarchos. The site of an oracular s
Helisson
An ancient polis mentioned by Pausanias. Epigraphic evidence indicates that, in the 5th century BCE, it became a political dependency of Mantinea. Its precise location is not known, but Camp in BAtlDir followed some earl
Seh Gubba
Ball (1987) describes his excavations at Seh Gubba that were carried out as part of the Saddam Dam Salvage Project. These excavations took place in early 1986 and revealed a fortified town. Ramparts dating to either the
Sumhuram
A small, fortified town that served as an outpost for the Ḥaḑramawt kingdom from the first to seventh centuries. The archaeological site and its surrounding landscape are known by the modern name Khor Rori, and the town
Tanitike Limne
During the period of Greek and Roman engagement with Egypt, the Tanitike Limne (one of the Nile Delta's many lake/lagoons) was bounded by the Phatnitikon (modern Damietta branch) and Mendesion (now disappeared) mouths of
Kamiros
An ancient city of Rhodes, with evidence for Mycenaean occupation. From the eighth century BC, a Greek settlement flourished, with a temple dedicated to the goddess Athena on its acropolis. The Hellenistic phase of the s
Orraon/Horreum
Orraon was a city of the Molossians, founded probably in the early fourth century BCE and planned on a grid system. It may have been destroyed by the Romans after Pydna in 168 BCE, and its inhabitants were removed to Nik
Thapsos
An ancient settlement located on Sicily's Magnisi peninsula (in the modern administrative municipality of Priolo Gargallo, Siracusa province). The site was inhabited from the Bronze Age through at least the Greek archaic
Collatia
Collatia was an ancient city of Latium located between Gabii and the Anio River. A colony of Alba Longa, Collatia was one of the most ancient cities of Latium. Subjugated by Rome under the Tarquins, Collatia would declin
Kástron Khóstion
A complex of structures dating to the Greek and Roman period, with ceramic evidence of prior occupation of the vicinity, on a spur of Palióvouno, overlooking a valley leading to the bay of Saránda on the Korinthian Gulf.
Monte Raffe di Mussomeli
This hill, in the modern Sicilian province of Caltanissetta, was the site of a human settlement from the early Iron Age through the medieval period. It became fortified possibly as early as the late archaic period. The C
Isinda (Lycian)
Ruins of the walled acropolis of ancient Isinda in Lycia are variously said by modern scholars to be located either "above" or 2-3km south of the modern Turkish village of Belenli, which is in Antalya province. BAtlas an
Krollenoi
A people whose Roman-era settlement (katoikia) is mentioned in an inscription honoring Trajan that was found in conditions of reuse in the area of modern Simav, which is located in Turkey's Kütahya province. The inscript
Koyuk Shahri
An ancient fortified site known as either Koyuk Shahri or Kuiyukexiehai'er that is located in the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region of north-western China preserves evidence of urban occupation in the Tarim Basin during t
Monte Gibel Gabel
An archaeological site located ca. 5 km south of Caltanissetta, Sicily, situated on a 615-meter high mountain plateau. Excavations during the twentieth century under Dinu Adameșteanu revealed evidence for the Bronze Age
Neapolis (Kavalla)
An ancient port city on the coast of Thrace, Neapolis (modern Kavalla in the Decentralized Administration of Macedonia and Thrace in Greece) was probably founded from Thasos in the seventh century BCE. It served as the p
Salinae
Salinae is a Romano-British site of ca. 20 ha located at the confluence of the Dane and Croco rivers, some 30 km east of Chester. The site was occupied by the late first century A.D. and remained in use until the fourth
Thabudeos/Tabudium Oppidum
A tell settlement, known today as Tehouda, located in modern Algeria and mentioned by Pliny the Elder. Archaeological remains at the site provide evidence for mud-brick fortification walls and might be consistent with a
Ficana
An ancient city of Latium that was said to have been conquered by Ancus Marcius, Ficana was located near the eleventh mile of the Via Ostiensis. Excavation at the site has produced important evidence for the urban center
Samosata
An ancient city on the Euphrates River's West bank, established perhaps as early as the Hittite period. Its ruins, known in modern times as Samsat (Turkey), were submerged following the construction of the Atatürk Dam in
Tall Marjab
Tall Marjab is a small, heavily denuded mound in the Dhi Qar province of southern Iraq, some 15 kilometers south of Nasiriya and ca. 10 kilometres southeast of Ur. Traces of a small settlement dating to fourth and third
Unnamed settlement near Bouchiba, Algeria
Remains of an ancient settlement of Roman date, recorded by Gsell (AAA, whence BAtlas). The location should lie within a kilometer of the BAtlas coordinates: a point to the east of Bouchiba, between it and the modern roa
Blanda
Blanda was an ancient city of Lucania, although Pliny the Elder and Ptolemy differ as to its placement; the former places it near the coast, the latter inland. Modern scholars are in agreement that Ptolemy was incorrect.
Dion
Dion was a settlement of Pieria located on the border between Macedonia and Thessaly. It was held, traditionally, as the place of Orpheus' death and burial. In the Roman Imperial period, it became a Roman colonia. The ad
Moger
A Spanish village located in the east of Huelva that belonged to the kingdom of Alfonso X. While there is on-site evidence for long-term human activity since antiquity, the present settlement, known in modern terms as Mo
Solucar Albayda
A Spanish village located to the west of Sevilla, Spain. In the thirteenth century, it belonged to the kingdom of Alfonso X. The modern toponym is a derivation of the Arabic toponym "Solucar Al-bayda", meaning "the white
Thapsus
An ancient settlement and port, located at modern Ras Dimass in the Tunisian municipality of Bekalta (Monastir). Habitation at the site dates to at least the 6th century BCE and continued through the Byzantine and into t
Prinias (Patela)
An Iron Age settlement on the Patela plateau north of the modern village of Prinias; its ancient name is uncertain. The site is notable for its occupation from the end of the Bronze Age through to the Archaic period, as
Zernaki tepe
An ancient place in Van province, Turkey. It had a street grid, fortifications of mud brick on a polygonal masonry foundation, and at least 14 building inscriptions in Aramaic from the Parthian period. Professor Rafet Ça
Melabron?
A Hellenistic-and-Roman-era site, sometimes locally referred to as Palaiokastro, on the northwest coast of Cyprus, west of the modern village of Ag. Eirini. Archaeological investigation also produced evidence of Bronze A
Thoknia
An ancient settlement of Arcadia mentioned by Pausanias and catalogued by Stephanus of Byzantium. Long identified with ancient remains in the vicinity of modern Thoknia (previously Bromosellas/Vromosellas), but those rem
Akarçay Tepe Höyük
Akarçay Tepe Höyük, a settlement of the eighth and seventh millennia BCE located to the east of the Euphrates River in the immediate vicinity of the Syrian border near the Turkish village of Akarçay in the Birecik distri
Magidû
Magidû or Megiddo (modern Tell al-Mutesellim, "The Tell of the Governor") is an ancient settlement mound located in northern Israel near Kibbutz Megiddo, about 30 km southeast of Haifa. Bronze Age Megiddo was an importan
Sibrium
The Roman fort of Sibrium, known today as Castelseprio or Castel Seprio, became a significant Lombard town of the early Middle Ages. It was destroyed and abandoned in 1287. In 2011, the site, including the church of Sant
Tarbiṣu
Tarbiṣu, now modern Sherif Khan, was an Assyrian city located about 5 kilometers north of Nineveh. It was the principal cult center of the god Nergal in Assyria. Starting in the 8th and 7th centuries B.C., Tarbiṣu was a
Tell Yassir
The largest of seven mounds near the modern village of Qariyah Khamsa. Based on the contents of several cuneiform tablets discovered at the site, it is tentatively identified as the location of the ancient city of Malgiu
El-‘Iraq
At modern El-‘Iraq in Jordan's Karak region, archaeologists have identified Byzantine pottery, architecture (including a church), and inscriptions. They argue, based on the archaeology and on the relative placement of ot
Perusia
A city of ancient Umbrian and Etruscan origin, Perusia aided Rome during the Second Punic War but was sieged and reduced by Octavian in the first century B.C. during campaigns against Lucius Antonius. It was rebuilt by A
Titane
An ancient settlement, long known to have been located near the modern town of Titani in Greece. It has been the subject of intensive archaeological excavation and survey only in the 21st century. The acropolis, of which
Umma
Umma was an important ancient city of Sumer but has not been scientifically excavated. The mainstream of scholarly opinion associates the ancient site with Tell Jokha, Iraq, located in Iraq's Northwestern Dhi Qar Governo
Eleusis
Eleusis, located some 22 km west of Athens, was the site of the cult of Demeter and the sanctuary where the Eleusinian Mysteries were celebrated from the Bronze Age to the Roman Imperial period. It was a coastal deme of
Guganis
Guganis (Göganis) is an abandoned village in the Hayots Dzor valley, situated in the plain of Gürpınar in the south-east of Turkey. Here a column base with an inscription of the Urartian king Argišti, son of Minua (8th c
Jebel Khayabir/Alexandria?/Antiochia?/Spasinou Charax?/Karkh Maisan?/[Astarabad Ardashir]?
Close to Jebel Khayabir in Iraq, this site was an important mercantile center of southern Mesopotamia and capital of Characene. It may have been founded as an Alexandria by Alexander the Great and refounded as an Antioch
Kurşun Kalesi
Remains of an ancient hilltop settlement, with houses, agricultural processing areas, a stoa, a temple, and some ancient Greek inscriptions located within the modern Turkish municipality of Yeğenli (Mersin province). The
Sidi Moussa
A modern village located at the western end of the municipal territory of Nador in Algeria's Tipaza province. According to Anselmino, this village, which was built to house the displaced population of Chénoua during the
Thouria
Thouria is a settlement of the Peloponnese, with archaeological evidence ranging in date from the Bronze Age to the Roman period. The nature of the archaic and classical polity is debated in the sources. The ancient site
Trevignano
Trevignano Romano, located on the shores of Lake Bracciano, lies some 47 km from Rome. Archaeological evidence for Etruscan occupation, in the form of tombs dating to the eighth - sixth centuries B.C., has been discovere
Aufinum
Aufinum, long thought to have been located at modern Ofena, which reflects the ancient name, has been shown by recent excavations to have been located some 5km further south, near modern Capestrano. Aufinum was an ancien
Berenice
Berenice was a coastal city of western Cyrenaica, located at modern Benghazi in Libya. Founded in the third century BCE, it replaced the earlier Greek colony of Eusperides, which had been centered a short distance to the
Lago dell’Accesa (archaeological site)
The archaeological site of Lago dell’Accesa, in the locality known as "La Pesta", is situated near the lake of Lago dell'Accesa. The site was situated so as to exploit local mineral resources, and the archaeological rema
Lokroi Epizephyrioi
Locri is a town and comune in the province of Reggio Calabria, Calabria, in southern Italy. Epizephyrian Locris was founded ca. 680 BC near modern Capo Zefirio, by the Locrians, apparently under the Opuntii (East Locrian
Shoumen
There was likely a Thracian settlement in the vicinity of modern Shoumen/Shumen in Bulgaria prior to Roman and subsequent occupation. Remains of a late antique complex of structures with associated churches has been iden
Taouion/Tabia
A key junction between roads north (towards Hattusa and the Lykos River valley), south (towards Mazaka), east (towards the upper Halys River), and west (towards Ankyra), it was inhabited from the fourth millennium BCE. G
Casae
Modern Henchir el Beguar/Begar, an archaeological site located in the Tunisian governorate of Kasserine. Inscriptions of the second century CE found here in the 19th century authorized the holding of regular markets at C
S. Vincenzo al Volturno
S. Vincenzo al Volturno is a multi-period settlement. In pre-Roman times, a phase of Samnite occupation has been identified. By the fifth century A.D., the site was occupied by a large agricultural estate (villa) that wa
Euesperides
Euesperides was the westernmost Greek colony of Cyrenaica. The remains of the site are found on the outskirts of modern Benghazi near the north Libyan coast. Under Ptolemy III Euergetes, the new city of Berenice was buil
[Dur-Katlimmu]/Magdalu
[Dur-Katlimmu]/Magdalu (modern Tell Schech Hamad in Syria) is a multi-period human settlement where occupation began in the Late Chalcolithic period and continued/reoccurred into the Roman period. The Assyrian city of Du
Vicus Anninus
This vicus is mentioned on Roman inscriptions discovered in the area of modern Lecce dei Marsi in Italy. The precise location of the town is not known, but it is probably not to be found at the medieval foundation known
Nina
Tell Zurghul is an archaeological site in Iraq covering approximately 70 ha. The site includes two settlement mounds. The ancient site was located on a canal leading away from Lagash, some 10 km to the southeast. The anc
Alba Fucens
A town of the Aequi along the Marsic frontier where the Romans established a Latin colony in 304/3 B.C. Alba Fucens was a significant center of the middle republican period and became a place where Rome kept state prison
Maidanetske, Ukraine
Maidanetske, Ukraine, is the site of two separate Neolithic to Chalcolithic settlements associated with the Cucuteni-Trypillian culture. A 2-hectare settlement dating ca. 5000 BCE lies on the outskirts of Maidanetske, Uk
Phoinikous Limen
An anchorage, harbor, and/or coastal station on the east-southeast coast of Sicily that is mentioned in ancient sources. It may have been located in the area where the ruins of the 18th century Tonnara di Vendicari now s
Velitrae
Velitrae (modern Velletri) was an ancient Volscian settlement. In the Roman Republican period, Velitrae was attacked by Marcus Furius Camillus (379 B.C.) and again by Cincinnatus (377 B.C.); the Romans controlled the sit
Colle Rasto Settlement
A site to the west of modern Praeneste in Italy where surface material, remains of structures, and graves were discovered in the 19th century. These finds provide evidence for a settlement possibly dating to as early as
Ruins of Gedi
Extensive ruins of a medieval Swahili coastal town at modern Gedi in Kenya's Kilifi District. The earliest evidence for occupation dates to not earlier than the 11th century CE. The site was abandoned by the mid-17th cen
Bazira
The site of an Indo-Greek settlement dating to the reign of King Menander I in the second century BC. This Hellenistic settlement covered some 30 ha at its peak. Earlier settlement phases have been identified, including
Düzceli
Düzceli is a modern village in the Ağrı province in eastern Turkey, ca. 14 km southeast from Patnos and the Urartian fortress Aznavurtepe / Anzavurtepe. In Düzceli a reused stone block with an inscription of the Urartian
Grandford
The remains of a Romano-British settlement at Grandford, Cambridgeshire, were identified by aerial photography. The site lies northwest of the modern town of March and likely lay along the Roman road conventionally known
Uruk/Orchoe/Erech/Orikut
Uruk was an ancient Sumerian (and later Babylonian) city located on the Euphrates river. At its height (ca. 2900 BC), Uruk's population may have topped 50,000 people and its walls enclosed an area of more than six square
Akila/Okelis
A coastal station or anchorage and associated settlement that scholars identify with the modern Khawr/Khor Ghurayrah on Yemen's Ra’s Shaykh Sa‘īd headland in the Bab al-Mandab Strait. This small bay is almost closed by s
Kato Tritos
A modern village on the Aegean island of Lesbos. Remains of ancient houses have been noted in the area. Its modern name may preserve an ancient toponym preserved on a late-antique inscription. For these reasons, BAtlas f
Palaia(i)/Philaia
Archaeological evidence of a coastal station, with associated settlement and fortifications have been identified at this small bay on the mountainous mainland coast of ancient Rough Cilicia (in modern Turkey's Mersin pro
Antemnae
Antemnae is an ancient Latin settlement located north of Rome near the point where the Anio and Tiber rivers intersect. Connected with Rome's early history, Antemnae was involved in episodes such as the 'Rape of the Sabi
Chalia
Theopompus mentions Chalia as a town of Boeotia. It is also attested epigraphically and may have been a member of the Boeotian league. Fossey locates the city in the vicinity of the church of Agios Minas in modern Drosia
Henchir Hnich
Discovered in 2013, this site in the modern Oued Ellouz sector of Tunisia lies 3.5km west of ancient Musti (modern Henchir Mest). Excavators interpret the site as a rural settlement of an imperial estate. The only known
(Iulia) Myrtilis
An ancient settlement at modern Mértola (Portugal) on the west bank of the Guadiana river (ancient Anas). The town is mentioned in Roman sources, but most of the monumental archaeology dates to the Muslim period or later
el-Bara
el-Bara (also Bara or al-Bara (Arabic: بارة)) is numbered among one of the so-called "Dead Cities" of northwestern Syria. The settlement originates in the fourth century CE and flourishes during the fifth and sixth centu
Lidar
Lidar or Lidar Höyük is an archaeological site located in southeastern Anatolia, to the northwest of Sanliurfa, Türkiye, and just southwest of the village of Lidar (district of Bozova). This settlement mound measured rou
Mytilene
An ancient settlement. The early fortified core of the city was located on an islet off the east coast of Lesbos, now joined to the mainland. That site is dominated by the remains of a Byzantine fortress with Ottoman and
Unnamed settlement near Tixter, Algeria
Remains of an ancient settlement of Roman date, recorded by Gsell (AAA, whence BAtlas). The location should lie within a kilometer of the BAtlas coordinates: a point in the municipal territory of modern Tixter, Algeria (
Alosygni
An ancient "emporion" listed by Ptolemy on the east coast of India. He also remarks that it is the "aphoterion" (point of departure) for those sailing out to the Chryse Chersonnesos. BAtlas tentatively identifies it with
Canatha/*Gabinia/*Septimia
The Hellenistic-Roman city of Cantha, now Qanawat in Syria, is located in the Hauran region. While it likely has earlier phases, perhaps as the Kenath of the Hebrew Bible, it is first mentioned during the reign of Herod
Chesterton-on-Fosse
Chesterton-on-Foss was the site of a small, fortified Roman settlement on the Fosse Way. The defensive works enclose an area of some 3.2 ha. These works were erected in the second century and were expanded after the midd
Nomentum
The Latin town of Nomentum and Rome were linked by means of the Via Nomentana. In Livy's history the town, a member of the Latin League, is captured by Lucius Tarquinius Priscus. Nomentum was one of a number of towns cap
Pharis
Pharis or Phare was an ancient site in Laconia located in the Spartan plain along the route leading from Amyclae to the coast. It was abandoned by Pausanias' day. Shipley ventures a tentative identification with the area
Beirut Souks
Area along the western harbor of Beirut developed during phases of urban expansion from the 4th century BCE through the 1st century CE. The area was inhabited into late antiquity, with limited use into the medieval perio
Durobrivae (Water Newton)
Durobrivae was a fortified Roman garrison town that was located at what is now Water Newton, Cambridgeshire. The fort was placed at the point where Ermine Street crossed the River Nene. The name Durobrivae may be a Latin
Sychem
An ancient settlement in the Levant, attested Biblically and in ancient Egyptian documents and the Amarna letters. Scholars associate this settlement with the archaeological site of Tel Balata, which is located in the mo
Byzantium
An ancient Greek settlement at the southern end of the Bosphorus, where modern-day Istanbul, Turkey, now stands. It flourished and grew throughout the Greek and Roman periods. The city was renamed Constantinopolis (q.v..
Nicopolis ad Istrum
The ancient city of Nicopolis ad Istrum is located near the village of Nikyup, Bulgaria, in the district of Veliko Turnovo. The Roman emperor Trajan founded Nicopolis ad Istrum following victories over the Dacians in 101
Hydruntum/Hydrous
A Greek city at the easternmost point of the Italian peninsula that sided against Rome in both the Pyrrhic and Hannibalic wars. In the time of the Roman Empire the city was located in the province of Calabria and was an
Piazza d'Armi
The site of the arx of ancient Veii located on the southern spur of the volcanic plateau on which the city is located. There is archaeological evidence for an initial occupation phase of the ninth century B.C. By the sev
Roman Heidelberg
A complex of Roman military structures was established and upgraded between the first and third centuries CE on the banks of the Neckar River in Germany where modern Heidelberg now stands. Forts, bridges, roads, and manu
Tergeste
Tergeste (the modern Trieste) was first a vicus dependent on Aquileia (ca. 100 BC) and later became a colony under Caesar, sometime before 52 B.C. In the Augustan reorganization of Italy, the city was part of the Decima
Boubastis
Boubastis (also known, in Arabic, as Tell Basta or, in Egyptian, as Per-Bast) was an ancient city in Egypt. It was located in the Nile Delta and served as the capital of the Am-Khent nome (the Bubastite nome), which was
Kottapatnam
A modern village near the coast north from Chennai where an archaeologically attested seaport settlement flourished from the 3rd century BCE until the 15th century CE as attested by remnants of Chinese and Thai pottery -
Segouiola
Segouiola was an old Spanish village located in the west of the province of Sevilla during the kingdom of Alfonso X. Previously, the Arab population called it Boriauenzohar. Afterwards, this place assumed other names, in
Fanum Fortunae
Fanum Fortunae, the site of a shrine to Fortuna, is first mentioned in the ancient sources in 49 B.C. when Iulius Caesar held the town. An Augustan colony was established at the site and the Romans prevailed in the Battl
Hadrumetum/Iustinianopolis
Hadrumetum/Iustinianopolis was an important ancient port in North Africa. Founded by the Phoenicians, the site pre-dated Carthage. Under Roman administration, the site prospered, and Trajan assigned it colonial status as
Ixia
An ancient settlement that Strabo places south of Lindos on east coast of the island of Rhodes. Nineteenth century scholars localized it at the ruined monastery of Ἁγία Ζωοδόχος Πηγή in Plimmiri, a decision followed in B
Karanis
Karanis was a settlement (κώμη) located on the northern edge of the Fayum, now Kom Ausīm. Ptolemy II Philadelphus established Karanias in order to settle Greek mercenaries among indigenous Egyptians. This foundation, and
Stratonikeia
An ancient city in Caria founded by Antiochus I Soter, according to Strabo. The city had several phases, including a period of Rhodian influence, before coming under the umbrella of Roman administration. The city was ela
Agnone
Agnone is a comune in the Italian province of Isernia, in the Molise region. It lies about 53 km (33 miles) northwest of Campobasso. An ancient center of Oscan-Samnite culture, Agnone is known particularly as the namesak
Drobeta
Drobeta is a Dacian settlement that was conquered by the Romans in A.D. 101-2. Trajan's engineer Apollodorus of Damascus built a bridge here that spanned the Danube in 103-5. This bridge, supported by 20 stone pilings an
Sikait
Ancient Senskis, a large settlement in Egypt's Eastern desert on a branch tributary of Wadi Gemal (Wadi Sikait) with archaeological remains dating between the first and sixth centuries CE. The settlement was associated w
Argos Amphilochikon
An ancient settlement in northwest Greece, mentioned in Thucydides and other ancient sources. Most scholars have long identified it with archaeological remains that lie between the modern towns of Loutro-Krikellos and Am
Bozkurt
Settlement inhabited from the middle-late Chalcolithic to the Urartian Kingdom in the middle Iron Age. The site is located on the southwest slope linking Mount Ağrı with the Doğubayazıt Plain in Eastern Turkey. Bozkurt c
Daphne
Described by Strabo as a village (katoikia) about 40 stadia (~6 km) outside Antioch, Daphne today is known as Harbiye, in Turkey's Hatay province. In ancient times, it was home to a sacred grove and sanctuary of Apollo a
Mokarta
A Bronze Age settlement located near Salemi, Sicily. The site has multiple settlement phases, including the Medival ruins referred to as the Castello di Mokarta. A combination of excavation and geophysical prospection ha
Ponte Mammolo
Ponte Mammolo is the modern name of an ancient bridge over the Aniene river. It gives its name to a neighborhood and metro station in the northeast part of the modern city of Rome. Archaeological evidence of ancient quar
Fabrateria Nova
Caius Gracchus dispatched a Roman colony to Fabrateria Nova in 124 B.C. The relationship between Fabrateria Nova and the earlier Volscian site of Fabrateria Vetus remains unclear. The favored location for Fabrateria Nova
Band-e Amīr/Tukrash?
Archaeological survey and prospecting has identified Achaemenid-era buildings and embankments in the vicinity of the modern Iranian village of Band-e Amīr (Fars province). Sumner writes that this location might be identi
Turlu Höyük
Tell Turlu (Turlu Höyük) is ca. 7 km northwest of Nizip (Gaziantep Province, Turkey), near the modern village Turlu. In 2003, a basalt stele of the Assyrian official Bēl-iddin (reign of Sargon II; r. 721–705 BC) was disc
Aquae Passeris
Located in Etruria, Aquae Passeris was frequented in antiquity for its thermal springs, as noted by Martial. The site is included on the Tabula Peutingeriana, placing it on the road from Rome to Volsinii. Its location li
Crnobuki
An ancient site, known locally as "Gradishte", located near the modern North Macedonian village of Crnobuki has so far yielded evidence for occupation from the Bronze Age at least through the Hellenistic period. BAtlDir
Korčula Neolithic Site
A submerged neolithic site on a former islet connected to the east coast of Korcula island, just southeast of the modern town and port of the same name. Preliminary underwater excavations conducted by a team from the Uni
Mantineia/Antigoneia
Mantineia/Antigoneia was an ancient settlement in Greece most noted for being the site of two major battles. The First Battle of Mantineia was the largest land battle of the Peloponnesian War (418 B.C.) and the Second Ba
Ategua
A Ibero-Roman fortified settlement with substantial archaeological remains stretching into the Middle Ages. The site of Ategua is located near an abandoned farmstead called Cortijo de Teba la Vieja in the area of modern
Kinolis
An ancient emporion on the southern coast of the Black Sea, mentioned in multiple ancient sources. It is probably to be identified with the subsequent site of "Ginolu Kalesi", a now-ruined 9th/10th century CE castle in t
Pegai/Antipatris/Arethousa?
A series of settlements and fortifications localized in and around the mound known today as Tel Afek/Râs el-'Ain in Israel. The mound itself is dominated today by the remains of an Ottoman fort, built on Crusader foundat
Septem
Now the Spanish exclave of Ceuta, Septem is an ancient port whose phases are not entirely clear owing to modern overburden. The city was the seat of a bishopric in the Byzantine period and was the last of Morocco's citie
Tırmıl Tepe Höyüğü
An unexcavated mound on the outskirts of modern Mersin in Turkey. Archaeological surface survey yielded pottery dating from the Calcolithic to the Medieval periods. Atop the mound lie the much-depleted ruins of a possibl
Başkale
Başkale (Turkish "Main Castle") is a town and district located in Van Province in south-eastern Turkey. According to an inscription in the Urartean language of the Urartean king Minua (9th/8th century BCE) on a stone blo
Cuenca
The site of Cuenca, Spain, was first occupied by Muslim Arabs in the eighth century who fortified a location between the Júcar and Huécar rivers that became known as Ḳūnka. The fort was ceded by means of treaty to Alfons
Thamugadi
A Roman colonial town founded in the Aurès Mountains of Algeria by the Emperor Trajan around AD 100. The city's full name was Colonia Marciana Ulpia Traiana Thamugadi. Trajan named the city in commemoration of his mother
Tingi
Tingi (modern Tangier) began as a Carthaginian colony of the early fifth century BCE. A commercial center, Tingi came under the Roman sphere in the first century BCE, initially as a free city but later as the site of a c
Arslantepe (Melid)
Arslantepe became an important center in the Late Chalcolithic period. With the decline of the Hittite empire, the site became the center of an independent Luwian Neo-Hittite state (Kammanu). The state became a tributary
Embolos
Robert argued for reading "ἔμβολος" in a fragmentary funerary epigram found in the area of Beyköy, Turkey, as a toponym. He argues, with reference to early travelers' accounts of antiquities in the area, for a nearby loc
Fanum Martis/Civitas Coriosolitum
Fanum Martis/Civitas Coriosolitum (modern Corseul) was a major Gallo-Roman settlement, closely associated with the extra-urban sanctuary of Mars at Haut Bécherel. Fanum Martis/Civitas Coriosolitum was the chief town of t
Heraclea ad Latmum/Pleistarcheia
A town of Caria located 25 km east of Miletos on the Ionian coast, Heraclea was located on the lower slopes of Mt. Latmos. Once a part of the Delian League, the city fell to Mausolos in the fourth century B.C. and his ph
Sant Agustí Vell
Sant Agustí Vell (also known as Poblat talaiòtic de Sant Agustí or "Talayotic village of Sant Agustí") is an archaeological site attributed to the Talayotic culture located in the municipality of Es Migjorn Gran in the s
Unnamed settlement near Bordj Zemoura, Algeria
Remains of an ancient settlement of Roman date, recorded by Gsell (AAA, whence BAtlas). The location should lie within a kilometer of the BAtlas coordinates: a point in the modern municipal territory of Bordj Zemoura, ne
Side
Pausanias tells us that the ancient settlement of Side was named for a daughter of Danaus and implies its location to have been somewhere on the Malea peninsula of mainland Greece, perhaps in the vicinity of Boiai (moder
Bracara Augusta
With settlement from the Neolithic onwards, Bracara Augusta was established as a civitas in 20 B.C. In the third century A.D., Diocletian advanced the settlement to the capital of the administrative area known as Convent
Kabul
Pre-modern settlement at and around the area of modern Kabul, Afghanistan has been known by various names in a variety of languages and periods. Excavations begun in the early twenty-first century have significantly exte
Caridad de Caminreal
An ancient Celtiberian settlement located just west of the modern town of Caminreal in Spain's Teruel province. The settlement flourished between the second and first centuries BCE and, having been destroyed or abandoned
Idaion Antron
A sacred cave on Crete where it was believed Rhea hid Zeus to protect him from Cronus. Archaeological evidence indicates use as a shelter or dwelling as early as the Late Neolithic period, with religious activities takin
Rumst
A Gallo-Roman vicus in the area of modern Rumst in Belgium. Stray finds and unsystematic excavation in the 19th century pointed to specific locations for the civic center at Molenveld and necropolis at Kattenberg. There
Complesso di Sant'Imbenia
A Bronze Age settlement on the northwest shore of the Bay of Porto Conte in western Sardinia. Excavations revealed a nuraghe and associated village, as well as indigenous, Phoenician, Levantine, and Greek ceramics. Activ
Nicopolis ad Nestum/Ulpia Nicopolis
A settlement founded in Thrace to mark Trajan's victory in the Dacian Wars. It is located on the left bank of the Mesta river. Occupied through late antiquity, the site was destroyed by the seventh century and subsequent
Palmyra
Palmyra is an ancient oasis and trading city with monumental remains located in modern Syria. Under Zenobia, It was the capital of the breakaway Palmyrene Empire, which led to Aurelian razing the city. In 1980, Palmyra w
Dahan-i Ghulaman/Zra(n)ka?
A mud brick urban site in Sīstān, Iran, with a main period of occupation around the fifth century BCE. It was probably the Achaemenid provincial capital of Zarin or Zranka in Drangiana until it was buried by sand or drie
Fratte
The ancient settlement of Fratte is located near Salerno, Italy. The settlement is situated in the valley of the Irno River and was likely first settled by Etruscans in the sixth century BCE. Material remains ascribed to
Kastro ano Diakopto
Abundant spolia, artifacts, and building foundations provide evidence for an ancient settlement in the area of modern Kastro ano Diakopto and the church of Ag. Athanasios on the hill above it to the west. It is probably
Tell Um Hammad al-Gharbi
Archaeological site on the banks of the Zerqa River with signs of habitation in the Early Bronze Age I-II and IV. The eastern portion of the larger Tell Um Hammad site is called Um Hammad Sharqiya; the western section is
Tell Um Hammad Sharqi
Archaeological site on the banks of the Zerqa River with signs of habitation in the Early Bronze Age I-II and IV. The eastern portion of the larger Tell Um Hammad site is called Um Hammad Sharqiya; the western section is
Toletum
Ancient Toletum, located on the Tagus River, was the main settlement of the Carpetani. The Romans captured the city in 193 B.C. In 507, Toletum became the capital of the Visigothic Kingdom, and in 711 it fell to Muslim i
‘Sublavione’
The Barrington Atlas provides two possible alternative modern identifications along the Eisack/Iscara river in South Tyrol for the location of ancient Sublavione, which is attested both on the Peutinger map and in the An
Amiternum
Amiternum was an ancient settlement of the Sabines that Rome captured in 293 BC. The settlement was situated at the intersection of four Roman roads: the Via Caecilia, the Via Claudia Nova, and the two branches of the Vi
Circeii 1
Circeii received a Latin colony ca. 390 B.C. The remains on the site include an enclosure wall built in polygonal masonry. "Circeii 1" refers to the earlier Roman colony founded at the eastern side of Monte Circeo. The s
Ferentium
Ferentium (modern Ferento) was a city of Etruria first mentioned in the Liber Coloniarum ca. 123 BC that became a Roman municipium after the Social War. Substantial remains of the city remain; the site was the birthplace
Halaesa
Halaesa is located on the north coast of Sicily between between Kalakta and Kephaloidion. The city was founded in 403 B.C. by Archonides of Herbita. The city sided with Rome during the First Punic War and was made "liber
Klazomenai (later)
A town in Lydia that, according to Pausanias, moved from an initial, mainland site thought by scholars to have been southwest of modern Urla Iskelesi to an island in the Bay of Smyrna (modern Klazümen). This place resour
Mirobriga
Miróbriga (also known as Mirobriga Celticorum) is an ancient Roman town located near the village Santiago do Cacém, Portugal. The site shows evidence of Iron Age occupation beginning in the ninth century B.C. and continu
Oropos
Oropos was an ancient settlement and port located on the border between Boeotia and Attica; the bulk of its Hellenistic - Roman remains are thought to underlie the modern village of Skala Oropou. Oropos was source of ong
Saldae
Founded by Numidian Berbers, the settlement of Saldae (modern Béjaïa, Algeria) was a minor port during phases of Carthaginian and Roman occupation. The Roman emperor Vespasian established a veteran colony there, at a tim
Abia
An ancient coastal city of Messenia that modern scholars locate in an area known in modern times as Palaiochora, i.e., in the modern village that now takes its name from the ancient one. Ruins of a medieval (Venetian?) c
Borysthenes/Olbia
Commonly referred to as "Olbia Pontica" to distinguish it from multiple other ancient sites with the same name, the remains of this multi-period settlement are located immediately south of the modern Ukrainian village of
Castro dei Volsci
Castro dei Volsci is an Italian comune located in the province of Frosinone. Its name - Castro dei Volsci - dates only from 1816. There is evidence for pre-Roman and Roman settlement in the area, including the polygonal
Hecatompylos?/Komish/[(Shahr-i) Qumis]
Hecatompylos? was an ancient city in Iran that served as the capital of the Parthian Arsacid dynasty by 200 B.C. Alexander passed through in 330 B.C., and the city eventually became part of the Seleucid Empire and later
Ovilava
A Celtic and subsequent Roman settlement at an important road junction and river crossing (modern Wels in Austria). The core of the ancient town, which evidently grew to significant size in the Roman period, is covered b
Aepolium
An ancient settlement (oppidum) placed by Pliny the Elder on the coast of the Black Sea, between the rivers Hister (Danube) and Tyras (Dniester). In the Barrington Atlas, David Braund follows Kacharava 1991 in placing it
Leontini
A Greek colonial city founded by Naxians in 729 B.C., Leontini was reduced by Hippocrates of Gela in 498 B.C. Following the Sicilian Expedition, the city became subject to Syracuse. In Roman times, it may have been of li
Methone/Mothone (Messenian)
An ancient settlement situated on the west coast of the Messenian peninsula of the Peloponnese. The collocated modern settlement is called Methoni and is located in the administrative part of the Pylos-Nestoras municipal
Pathyris/Aphroditopolis (settlement)
Pathyris/Aphroditopolis is known especially for its necropolis where material ranges in date from the Predynastic Period to the Middle Kingdom. In the 160s BC Ptolemy VI Philometor established a military outpost at the s
Piammiano
Site of an ancient settlement that flourished between the seventh century BCE and the early sixth century CE, located west across the Tiber from the modern village of Attigliano in Italy. Piammiano is probably to be iden
Poteidaia/Kassandreia
Poteidaia/Kassandreia was a Greek colony founded ca. 600 BC by Corinthians on the peninsula of Pallene in western Chalcidice. The site received a Roman colony in 43 B.C. and in 30 B.C. Augustus settled veterans there, re
Qumran
Qumran is an archaeological site located in the West Bank near the northwestern shore of the Dead Sea. A Hellenistic settlement of the second century was eventually destroyed by the Romans in A.D. 68. The site is best kn
Tel Erani
One of the largest Early Bronze Age mounds in the southern Levant, located approximately 20 km east of Ashkelon. The site shows signs of habitation as early as the Chalcolithic Era, with a significant remains from the Br
Tell el-ʻAbd
Mound site along the eastern bank of the Euphrates in northern Syria. The site shows signs of habitation from the Early Bronze Age through the Byzantine period. Tell el-ʻAbd was flooded by the construction of the Taqba D
Manching
At modern Manching are the remains of a massive proto-urban Celtic settlement (oppidum) that reached its maximum size of ca. 380 ha during the late La Tène period (late second century BC). It is possibly to be identified
Kommos
The archaeological site of Kommos was a Bronze Age port and settlement in southern Crete with subsequent habitation and monumental construction dating to the Hellenistic and Roman periods. This site is possibly to be ide
Larisa
An ancient settlement known to Strabo as a village (formerly a city) in the territory of Ephesus, but closer to Mt. Tmolus than to Ephesus itself. Modern scholars differ as to the precise location of Larisa, but agree in
Psilo Kastro (Ag. Marina)
This ancient settlement site, with remains of a fortified acropolis and lower town, is located just south of modern Ag. Marina in Thessaly (Greece). Modern scholars consider it a likely identification for ancient Patroni
Eridu
Eridu was an ancient city of Sumeria and perhaps one of the first true cities. The site is settled from ca. 5300 B.C. onward. Eridu was located approximately 12 km southwest of Ur and was the southernmost of a conglomera
Kar-Mullissu
Kar-Mullissu (Akkadian "Quay of the goddess Mullissu") is an Assyrian town in northern Iraq. Modern Karemles (also Karemlash and Karemlish) is located less than twenty-nine km southeast of Mosul (ancient Nineveh). Inscri
Monte Coppolo
Monte Coppolo is an ancient settlement usually referred to in archaeological literature by the modern name of the mountain on which it is located in modern Italy's Basilicata region. It is perhaps the site of ancient Lag
Watercrook Roman Fort and Settlement
The Roman Fort near Watercrook Farm (at Kendal in northwest England) was originally built ca. AD 90 and rebuilt ca. AD 130. It may have been called Alone?/Alauna? in antiquity. Its poorly preserved remains are coincident
Camarina
Camarina was founded by Syracuse in 599 B.C., but subsequently destroyed in 552 B.C. The city was re-founded by Gela in 461 B.C. Carthage razed the site in 405 B.C., but Timoleon restored it in 339 B.C. From the late thi
Harmozeia/Armuzia
A flat coastal area of ancient Carmania, located on the east coast of the Strait of Hormuz in modern Iran, and inhabited likely in a settlement near the modern Minab river. The area was visited and noted by Nearchus's ex
Panagitsa
Abundant archaeological evidence at modern Panagitsa in the modern Greek municipal unit of Elatia attests to an ancient settlement and associated cemetery in use from the Geometric period through at least Hellenistic tim
Philosophiana
An ancient settlement not far from Piazza Armerina, in the municipality of Mazzarino. Archaeological finds suggest it was inhabited from the early Roman Imperial period to the third century A.D., when it was abandoned. T
Badajoz
The Castillian city of Badajoz was an Islamic foundation under the Muladi nobleman Ibn Marwan who established the city ca. 875. Badajoz was eventually invaded by (and captured by) Christians under Alfonso VI of Castile.
Mesembria
Originally a Thracian site known as Menebria, Mesembria was subsequently settled by Dorian Greeks in the early sixth century BC, eventually becoming an important trading colony on the Black Sea coast (modern Nesebar, Bul
Motya
A small island in the Stagnone Lagoon of western Sicily, Motya has evidence for quite ancient settlement, including a significant Punic phase. The settlement on the island was destroyed by Syracuse in 379 BC. At one poin
Piano dei Tivoli
Archaeological excavations conducted at the locality known as Piano dei Tivoli revealed, by means of numerous fragments of architectural terracottas, a sanctuary of the Hellenistic period. There is also evidence of settl
Tell al-Lahm
Tell al-Lahm is probably to be identified with Dur-Yakin, Duru(m), and/or Kissik, which are mentioned in Assyrian and Neo-Babylonian sources, and also in some first-millennium BCE texts together with Ur, Uruk, Larsa, Eri
Tibula
An ancient port settlement in the north of Sardinia, taken by the author of the Antonine Itineraries as the starting point for the description of all the routes on the island. It is possibly to be identified with modern
Timici
A Roman settlement in Mauretania, mentioned in both Ptolemy and Pliny, has been associated with a site that was known as Sidi bou Chaïb in the mid-20th century. That site is now in the territory of the modern Algerian to
Torreparedones
An archaeological site on the border between the modern Spanish municipalities of Castro del Río and Baena with evidence for late Roman-Republican, early Roman-Imperial, and medieval and post-medieval occupation. It is p
Unnamed settlement near Beni Mouhli, Algeria
Remains of an ancient settlement of Roman date, recorded by Gsell (AAA, whence BAtlas). The location should lie within a kilometer of the BAtlas coordinates: a point north of the modern CW15 roadway in the municipal terr
Uraz Bacha
An archaeological site with evidence of three settlement mounds. Phases of identifiable human activity include the Hellenistic period at Mound B (3rd-1st century B.C.) and Hepthalo-Turk (5th-9th century A.D.) at Mounds A
Aequum Tuticum/Equus Tuticus
Aequum Tuticum/Equus Tuticus was an ancient Oscan town. The settlement was located near the intersection of the Via Traiana and the Via Herculia in the territory of the Hirpini. The site is now in the territory of the mo
Augusta Praetoria
Augusta Praetoria (modern Aosta) was a settlement of the Salassi conquered by Rome in 25 B.C. From 24 B.C. a colony of 3,000 Roman military veterans occupied the city of Augusta Praetoria Salassorum and it became the cap
Industria/Bodincomagum?
Industria/Bodincomagum? (Monteu da Po) was a Ligurian settlement in the Po valley. Under Roman influence, the site became known as Industria, a colonial establishment, in regio IX of the Augustan organization of Italy. T
Tainaron (settlement)
An ancient settlement, located near the tip of a southern peninsula of the Peloponnese (modern Cape Matapon in Greece). The site featured a sanctuary of Poseidon and served as both a port and a mercenary staging and recr
Tel Jatt
A site between the Sharon Plain and the Samarian Hills on which the modern town of Jatt is built. The site contains numerous Bronze Age burials and signs of habitation as late as the Bronze Age. The site has been propose
Thysdrus
Thysdrus (modern El Djem, Tunisia) was a Punic and Roman city of North Africa. It flourished in the second century A.D. and built its massive amphitheater in the third century. After an abortive revolt in A.D. 238, the c
Zucchabar
Zucchabar was an ancient city of Mauretania Caesariensis with Punic origins. The modern Algerian community of Miliana lies atop and around the largely unexcavated ancient site. Epigraphic evidence indicates that the Roma
Berenice Panchrysos
Berenice Panchrysos was a settlement in the Eastern Desert of Egypt. It was located near Sabae in the Regio Troglodytica (modern Sudan). Its name ("all golden") derives from its proximity to the gold mines Jebel Allaqi (
Castelvecchio di San Gimignano
The site of Castelvecchio di San Gimignano likely had sacred significance in the first millennium BCE. The area was occupied in the late sixth to early seventh centuries CE, as it provided a location to control movement
Fregellae
Fregellae was a city of Latium Adiectum that became a Roman colony in 328 B.C., but was subsequently captured by the Samnites; a Roman presence was re-established in 313 B.C. Loyal to Rome during the Second Punic War, Fr
Habuba Kabira (South)
The southernmost of two associated settlements located on the western bank of the Euphrates, and one of the only examples of large-scale residential architecture from the Late Uruk period. Rescue excavations were conduct
Rusubbicari Matidiae
This ancient settlement, mentioned in several Roman-era itineraries and sources, has been identified with the ruin/archaeological site known in modern times as Marsa al Dajaj, which is located adjacent to the modern Alge
Deir Abou Menas
An ancient Christian pilgrimage site that grew into an active town centered around the monastery complex devoted to Saint Menas who is said to have been buried there. The town reached its peak as the most visited pilgrim
Magnesia ad Maeandrum/Leukophrys
Magnesia ad Maeandrum was an ancient city on the Maeander River in Ionia, site of an important sanctuary of Artemis Leukophryene ("of the white eyebrow"). Its extensive remains are located near the modern village of Teki
Plataea
Plataea is an ancient city of Boeotia, located south of Thebes. In 479 BC Plataea was the site of the Battle of Plataea, in which an allied Greek army defeated the Persians. Plataea was destroyed in the Peloponnesian War
Tithronion
An ancient city of Phocis in Greek, which according to Pausanias was burned by Xerxes. Modern consensus places its acropolis at an unexcavated paliokastro north of modern Ano Kalivia, just inside the southern boundary of
Tubusuctu
An ancient settlement located in the modern Soummam river valley at a place called Tiklat, which is near modern El Kseur in Algeria's Kabylia province. Here the Roman emperor Augustus established a veteran colony. Bishop
Unnamed settlement near Bir el Kerma, Algeria
Remains of an ancient settlement of Roman date, recorded by Gsell (AAA, whence BAtlas). The location should lie within a kilometer of the BAtlas coordinates: a point near modern Bir el Kerma, which is located in the mode
Erzurum
Erzurum is a modern city in eastern Turkey with antecedents at least as early as the Urartian period. In late Roman times, the settlement was known as Theodosiopolis. A medieval fortress (Erzurum Kale) occupies a promine
Fescennium
Fescennium is the ancient name of a Faliscan settlement located ca. 5 km south of Falerii Veteres. The site, which was inhabited from the second millennium to the third century BCE, is often also called by the modern Ita
Koryphas
Koryphas was a coastal settlement of Aeolis, located opposite Lesbos. The Mytilenaeans founded the settlement. Pliny the Elder mentions the site three times, including it in a comparative discussion of the quality of oys
Napoca
Napoca (modern Cluj-Napoca) was an ancient Roman settlement established after the conquest of Dacia in A.D. 106. It became a provincial capital of Dacia Porolissensis and was abandoned in the late third century. Its name
Pantalica
Archaeological area near Sortino, in Sicily, famous for its large rocky necropolis. The place was occupied from the 13th century BC to the Byzantine period. Formerly identified with the ancient settlement of Herbessos, i
Ziwiye
Ziwiye is the name of a modern village in northwestern Iran. It is associated with an archaeological site from the 7th century BCE that was looted in the mid-20th century and subsequently partially excavated in a more sc
Mago
Mago (now Mahón or Maó) on the island of Menorca was established as an ancient commercial center because of its high-quality harborage. Its ancient name is thought to derive from Mago, brother of Hannibal, who occupied t
Nemyriv Hillfort
Scythian hillfort site located on the Southern Bug River near the modern town of Nemyriv. The site was primarily inhabited in the early Iron Age (8th-6th centuries BCE), with additional deposits from the Chalcolithic Age
Dal'verzin tepe
Dal'verzin tepe is an archaeological site located in Uzbekistan. The site is located near the Surkhandarya River, approximately 60 km northeast of Termez. The settlement has its origins as a Greco-Bactrian town that dev
Sellasia
An ancient fortified settlement located a few kilometers north of ancient Sparta on a hill known in modern times as Palaiogoulas, which is east of the modern town of Sellasia. Sacked several times in antiquity, Pausanias
Aigiai
An ancient settlement in Lakonia, mentioned by Strabo and Pausanias. Since the early 20th century, scholars have connected it with Classical and Roman remains at a site consequently dubbed "Palaeochora" between modern Ai
Akrotiri
Akrotiri is the modern name of an archaeological site located on the island of Thera (modern Santorini) where a Minoan Bronze Age settlement flourished before being destroyed by a volcanic eruption ca. 1627 B.C. The site
Bestansur
The archaeological site at Bestansur is in the Shahrizor Plain in the foothills of the Central Zagros mountains in modern Iraq. The tell, which lies just east and south of the modern village, shows evidence for extensive
Falerii Veteres
Falerii Veteres was the principal city of the Faliscans. It is located on a tuff outcropping at the point where several tributaries of the Treia join to flow into the Tiber. After rebelling against Rome in 241 B.C., Fale
Suburbium Toletanum
The location of the Late Roman and Visigothic suburbium beyond the Roman circus. Transition from suburban villas to a large-scale Visigothic expansion, which included various churches and the Praetorium, or Royal Palace.
Tel Dover
Settlement on the Yarmuk River in the southern Golan, approximately 5 km south of the Sea of Galilee, consisting of a round tell and a lower terrace covering approximately two hectares. The site contains signs of habitat
Thugga/Tokai?
Thugga/Tokai? (Dougga) is an ancient site in Tunisia with a rich heritage that includes Numidian-Berber, Punic, ancient Roman, and Byzantine phases. The city's Roman phase is particularly well preserved and UNESCO listed
Unnamed settlement near Teniet Ennasr, Algeria
Remains of an ancient settlement of Roman date, recorded by Gsell (AAA, whence BAtlas). The location should lie within a kilometer of the BAtlas coordinates: a point near the modern CW 43 road just to the northeast of Te
Asea
Asea was a town of Arcadia, located in the district Maenalia. Lying near the frontier of Laconia, Asea was to be found along the road from Megalopolis to Pallantium and Tegea. Asea participated in the foundation of Megal
Dawali
Dawali is a site in the middle of the Euphrates region and was part of the kingdom of Suhu. The city was situated on the east bank of the Euphrates, a few kilometres downstream of Anat (Anatho). The modern city of the sa
Baetulo
Baetulo (now Badalona in Spain) was situated near the mouth of the Baetulo river some 10 km northeast of Barcelona. The likely native oppidum became a Roman settlement. Archaeological evidence of well-appointed domus has
Burnum
From ca. 6 B.C. Burnum was the site of a Roman legionary camp (Legio XI; Legio XI Claudia Pia Fidelis - Legio IIII Flavia Felix and Legio VIII Augusta), as well as an auxiliary camp. By the Hadrianic period it had become
Crustumerium
An ancient town of Latium located at the headwaters of the Allia river, very close to the territory of the Sabines, Crustumerium figures in Rome's early history. The Romans conquered the site in 500 B.C. and formed the t
Emmaus/Nicopolis
An ancient settlement of Judea that is mentioned in numerous ancient sources including the Gospel of Luke. Now situated within the modern Canada Park in the Israeli-occupied West Bank, the site was known in modern times
Henchir Bourgou
An ancient settlement located in the east-central portion of the modern Tunisian island of Djerba, northwest of the modern town of Midoun. Archaeological evidence indicates habitation beginning in the 8th century BCE and
Nea Pleuron
Second site of the ancient Greek city of Pleuron, built after the destruction of the original location in the 3rd century BCE. This second site boasts significant excavated remains and is located on the southern slope of
Satricum
An ancient settlement on the right bank of the river Astura, Satricum has a mixed heritage of Latins and Volscians. In 499 B.C. Satricum was a member of the Latin League, but was under Volscian control in 488 B.C. The si
Unnamed settlement near Timechtaouine, Algeria
Remains of an ancient settlement of Roman date, recorded by Gsell (AAA, whence BAtlas). The location should lie within a kilometer of the BAtlas coordinates: a point in the immediate vicinity of modern Timechtaouine (Dra
Vicus Augustanus Laurentium?
The Vicus Augustanus Laurentium is an ancient settlement in coastal Latium located between the shore and the Via Severiana. The site was first described by Rodolfo Lanciani in 1903. The British School at Rome carried out
Kyparissia
An ancient settlement of Laconia in the Peloponnese, identified by modern scholars with the modern Boza plateau and the west-facing bay below it (northwest of ancient Asopos). The area has produced archaeological evidenc
Rusuccuru
The ancient city of Rusuccuru was founded as a Punic settlement on the Oued Sebaou river. In the Roman period, an inscription indicates that Rusuccuru achieved the status of municipium under Septimius Severus, yet some s
Glauberg
A major Celtic oppidum, located just southeast of the modern village of Glauberg, located in Hesse, Germany, included a fortified settlement and several burial mounds. It may have been the seat of an elite personage of t
Santa Maria Nova
A multi-period site with medieval and modern remains atop Roman levels, including a medieval farmhouse built atop a Roman cistern. Excavations revealed multi-phase evidence, including a bath building decorated with mosai
Tarasov Mound Site
Area with 17 Early Iron Age mounds located near the modern village Tarasovo and the Kama river in Russia's Udmurtia state. All mounds had settlements except Tarasov I, which was the location of a religious sanctuary and
Aletrium
A Hernican hill town that formed part of a sixth-century B.C. defensive league against Volscian and Samnite aggression and allied itself to Tarquinius Superbus. Rome eventually took Aletrium in 306 B.C.; by the first cen
Antiochia/Theoupolis
A city founded ca. 300 BC by Seleucus I Nicator, a successor of Alexander the Great. Antioch was a great trading center and numbered as one of the four cities of the Syrian tetrapolis. Justinian I renamed the city 'Theou
Deir Qeruh
Deir Qeruh is a Byzantine-period village located in the Golan Heights within the Israeli national park of the Gamla nature reserve. The village was founded in the fourth century CE, and a church and monastery followed in
Luni sul Mignone
Luni sul Mignone is a site with archaeological evidence for habitation in the later second millennium BC, continuing into the Italian Iron Age. Excavations conducted by the Swedish Institute in Rome (1960-1963) exposed t
Nisibis/Antiochia
Nisibis/Antiochia was an ancient city of Mesopotamia that began as part of an Aramaean kingdom that the Assyrian king Adad-Nirari II captured in 896 BC. Following its capture by Alexander the Great, the city became Antio
Potentia
A city settled in an area subjugated by Rome during the fourth century B.C. The local populace rebelled against Rome after the defeat at Cannae (216 B.C.), however the defeat of the Carthaginians eventually led to Potent
S. Chuís
A Pre-Roman hillfort in the Asturias region, near the northern coast of the Iberian peninsula. The fort was constructed around 1000 BCE and remained in use throughout the Iron Age and shows signs of occupation during the
Tell 'Ali
A small site on the left bank of the Lower Zab where an archive of ca. twenty-five Middle Assyrian texts was discovered. The town was situated more or less where travellers from Aššur to the cities Nuzi and Arrapha would
Tell Habuba Kabira
The northernmost of two associated settlements located on the western bank of the Euphrates, showing signs of habitation from the Late Uruk period through the Middle Bronze Age. Rescue excavations were conducted at the s
Unnamed settlement between Meğana and Makhamra, Algeria
Remains of an ancient settlement of Roman date, recorded by Gsell (AAA, whence BAtlas). The location should lie within a kilometer of the BAtlas coordinates: a point west of the modern CW 24 highway between Megana and Ma
Ašnakkum
Town in the Khabur River basin in Northern Syria, now known as Chagar Bazar. First settled in the Neolithic Period, the town appears to have been abandoned during the Early Bronze Age. It was resettled in the Early Dynas
Beroia
The ancient city of Aleppo, located in modern Syria, where extensive elements of Hittite, Hellenistic, Roman, Byzantine, Ayyubid, and Umayyad architecture are incorporated into the urban fabric of the modern city. Inscri
Illubru
Illubru is a city in the western part of Que (kingdom) or in Hilakku that is mentioned in inscriptions of the Assyrian king Sennacherib (r. 704-681 BC). This site is generally connected with classical Lampron, which is l
Por(d)oselene/Nasos (settlement)
An ancient city (or possibly two cities) on an Aegean island named Por(d)oselene as attested in multiple ancient sources. The Barrington Atlas places the city on the east slope of high ground on the southern part of the
Furfo
A vicus of the Vestini located in the upper Aterno valley in Abruzzo. The ancient settlement was located some 15 km south of modern L'Aquila, in the vicinity of S. Maria di Forfona near Barisciano. Furfo lay on the Via C
Kherba de Sfisifa
A rural location now in the modern Algerian municipal territory of Djouab (Médéa province) where Gsell and his correspondents (AAA, whence BAtlas) observed Roman ruins including a large building with columns that G. spec
Monte Adranone (Adranon?)
An indigenous center of the eighth to fourth centuries B.C. that became Hellenized, Monte Adranone in Sicily is probably to be identified with the ancient name Adranon, but not to be confused with another Sicilian Adrano
Orchomenos/Orchomenus (Boeotia)
The so-called "Boeotian Orchomenos", located in the vicinity of the Byzantine church of Panaghia Skripou. The longer, modern title is used to distinguish this settlement from another Greek site with the same ancient name
Poira
Poira, sometimes also referred to by the toponym Poggio Cocola, is an archaeological area situated on hilltops lying to the south of the course of the Simeto river. Surface finds show evidence of long-term human activity
Thetideion
A sanctuary of Thetis and/or settlement in the ancient territory of Pharsalus. Scholars have suggested various locations for the ancient site, including Ag. Athanassion at Kato Dasolophos (formerly Bekides) and the area
*Sioua
"Sioua" is the Greek reconstruction of an ancient toponym (found in Egyptian sources: S·t-wȝḥ) that encompassed some part of the western end of the Dakhla Oasis in Egypt (certainly the site now known as Deir al-Haggar wa
Leontion
An ancient settlement of Achaea in the northern Pelopnnese, the site is located on a hillside known today as Kastritsi at the northern foot of mount Erymanthos. It is not to be confused with the modern settlement of Leon
Mound at Banāt al-Hassan (Adams 134)
Part of a group of mounds in central Mesopotamia, these small settlements represented by a series of scattered mounds a kilometer in length (collectively numbered 134 in Adams 1972) contain remains dated to the Parthian,
Tharros
An ancient Phoenician settlement located in western Sardinia on a promontory in the Gulf of Oristano, just south of modern San Giovanni di Sinis. While it originates as a Punic or Carthaginian settlement ca. 700 BCE, it
Zela
Zela (modern Zile, Turkey) was an important ancient city of north-central Asia Minor; Strabo claimed Semiramis had founded the site. Iulius Caesar prevailed in the Battle of Zela against Pharnaces II of The Kingdom of Po
La Cabañeta
A Roman-style settlement at modern El Burgo de Ebro, located on the south bank of the Ebro river, southeast of Zaragoza, Spain. The settlement appears to have been founded in the second century BCE and permanently destro
San Giuliano
An Etruscan settlement evidenced by its extensive, surviving necropolis, which now lies within the Parco Naturale Regionale Marturanum in the administrative territory of Barbarano Romano, Italy. Its modern name is transf
Sippar
Sippar (or Zimbir) was an ancient city located on the east bank of the Euphrates river at the site of modern Tell Abu Habbah. In order to avoid confusing this site with its sister city of Sippar-Amnanum (Tell ed-Der), it
Ahmadiya
Remains of an ancient village in the Golan that produced Greek and Hebrew Inscriptions probably associated with a synagogue. The site is described by Urman et al. as occupying "two low hills near a group of springs about
Album Ingaunum/Albingaunum
The fourth century B.C. capital of the Ingauni Ligures sided with Carthage during the Punic War but was reduced by Lucius Aemilius Paullus Macedonicus in 181 B.C. A treaty was struck with Rome; the city received Roman ci
Ashqelon/Ascalon
Ashqelon/Ascalon was an ancient city in coastal Palestine, located midway between Azotus and Gaza. It became independent in 104 B.C. and remained the only free city in Palestine. Strabo refers to it, while Pliny calls it
Persepolis/Parsa/Persai/Sat Setun
Persepolis/Parsa/Persai/Sat Setun was the ceremonial capital of the Achaemenid Empire. The origins of the settlement belong to the sixth century BC (ca. 515). The archaeological site was named as a UNESCO World Heritage
Polemonion/Side
A harbor city on the Black Sea, Polemonion/Side was founded in the region of Sidene (Pontus) by either Polemon I or Polemon II of Pontus. Following the Roman annexation of the Pontic kingdom in the 60s CE, the city's imp
Vejano
Vejano, located in the Province of Viterbo, is located on the Mignone river approximately 60 km northwest of Rome. While the most visible monument on the site today is the fifteenth century castle known as "La Rocca", th
Pompeiopolis/Sebaste
Pompeiopolis/Sebaste, in Paphlagonia, was founded under Pompeius in 64 B.C. in the valley of the Amnias river. The ancient site, known today as Zımbıllı Tepesi Höyüğü, is located across the river (modern Gökırmak) from m
Urta Buz
A site located on a natural promontory in Takhar Province near the Taluqan River. The settlement mound includes occupation horizons ranging from the Bronze Age (second millennium B.C.) to the Hellenistic period with some
Poseidonia/Paestum
Greeks from Sybaris originally founded Poseidonia/Paestum, a major Greco-Roman center of south Italy, in the seventh-century BCE. It was originally named Poseidonia. After the Pyrrhic war, the city became a Latin colony
Pydna
An ancient settlement and seaport in Macedonia, located south of modern Makrigialos. According to Apollodorus, the population was relocated to a new, inland site by Archelaos (see Pydna/Kitron), but it is clear that this
Algae
An ancient place, mentioned in the maritime portion of the Antonine Itineraries as between Centum Cellae (modern Civitavecchia) and Rapinium (modern Bagni Sant'Agostino). BAtlas identifies Algae with modern Torre Valdali
Naulochon/Smyrna/Palaia Smyrna
An ancient settlement located on the gulf of Smyrna, east of the town of Bayraklı (some 4 km north of Izmir, Turkey). Archaeological evidence indicates that the earliest Hellenic evidence dates to the eleventh or tenth c
Paiania Hypenerthen
A deme located to the east of Mt. Hymettus. The site is located on the eastern outskirts of modern Liopesi. The epithet "Lower" ("Hypenerthen") distinguished it from the small Upper Paiania, but the two formed a single e
Palaia Pleuron
The original location of the ancient city of Pleuron, which was reportedly destroyed in the third century BCE. There is debate concerning its location. After the destruction, a new site was selected for the city. It is k
Styra
Styra was an ancient port city located in the southwestern part of Euboea that possessed also an inland acropolis (on the modern peak of Hagios Nikolaos), extensive quarries, and a series of large stone structures known
Turris Libisonis
A settlement of northwestern Sardinia, located at the mouth of the Mannu River. The site served as a port in Phoenician, Carthaginian, and Roman phases of occupation. The modern Porto Torres stands on the site, about 10
Vitozza
Vitozza is an ancient settlement located near the village of San Quirico. Its rock-cut habitations were in use by the Etruscans and Romans and again during the medieval period, continuing up to the eighteenth century. Ov
Zeugma
An ancient settlement whose site is located in the Gaziantep province of modern Turkey, at the modern village of Belkis (a.k.a. Kavunlu). The majority of the ancient remains were covered by water in the year 2000, due to
Alchester
Alchester was the site of a fortified Roman town located 17 kilometers to the northeast of Oxford. The site was of Claudian date and likely on the site of a Pre-Roman Iron Age settlement. It may have been one of the earl
Buruncuk
An ancient city was located near modern Buruncuk, 28 km north of Smyrna (modern Izmir) in Turkey. Some scholars identify it as the "Pelasgian" Laris(s)a in Aeolis mentioned by Homer, Xenophon, Herodotus, and Strabo, but
Centum Cellae
Centum Cellae (modern Civitavecchia) was an ancient coastal settlement in Tyrrhenian Etruria. The emperor Trajan rebuilt the harbor at the site in 106/7 and Pliny the Younger mentions its name, Centum Cellae. Saracens de
Eboda
Known today as Avdat, this ruined city was founded by the Nabateans in the Negev desert in what is today southern Israel. It flourished into Byzantine times. Along with three other ancient settlements, it was added to th
Kabnak
An important town of the Middle Elamite period discovered at the archaeological site of Haft Tepe in southwestern Iran. The site was an important center of the Elamite kingdom in the 15th century BCE, and also shows sign
Mieza
An ancient Macedonian settlement, located between Beroia and Edessa (between the modern villages of Lefkadia and Kopanos). Ancient sources report that it was here that Philip built facilities at which Aristotle taught th
Tel Bet Yerah/Khirbet el-Kerak
An ancient settlement, represented by a massive mound located on the southern coast of the Sea of Galilee, now partly covered by modern structures. Recurrent periods of habitation on the site date from at least the third
Azotos Paralios
Azotos Paralios, also referred to as Ashdod-Yam, is a multi-period archaeological site located on the Mediterranean coast of Israel. It dates back to the time of the Assyrian Empire. The toponym "Azotos Paralios" belongs
Muro Tenente (Scamnum?)
Scamnum is a road station located in Messapia that is mentioned on the Tabula Peutingeriana. It is perhaps to be identified with excavations at the site of Muro Tenente that have revealed long term occupation levels, beg
Orippo
A Roman city with Turdetanian origins. It is cited on both the Antonine Itinerary and the Vicarello goblets. Based on these itineraries it is to be located between Ugia (Torre Alocaz, Utrera) and Hispalis (Seville), near
Plinthine
An ancient settlement at modern Kom el-Nagous in Egypt. Archaeological evidence shows habitation on the site stretches back to at least the Ramesside period. A large Ptolemaic temple seems to have been dismantled and bui
Teuthrone
An unexcavated ancient port settlement on the Gulf of Lakonia, located near modern Kotronas. There is some evidence of Bronze Age habitation on the Skopa peninsula and reports of a significant Classical-to-Roman complex
Gaziantep
Gaziantep, also referred to as Antep, is located in southeastern Turkey. The site has a long history of settlement that begins in the Neolithic period. The site has a significant Hittite presence. Some scholars suggest i
Blera
Blera was a significant Etruscan settlement in the vicinity of Tarquinii. It lay along the line of the Roman Via Clodia. It received Roman municipal status and was enrolled in the tribus Arnensis. The city flourished in
Corduba/Col. Patricia
Corduba/Col. Patricia (modern Córdoba, Andalusia) is an ancient site where prehistoric, Punic, Roman, Visigothic, and Muslim phases of occupation are known. The city's historic center was inscribed as a UNESCO World Heri
Elkharas
Khwarazmian site on the bank of the Amu Darya River. The site was excavated in 1973-1975 prior to flooding due to dam construction. The primary occupation at the site is dated from the 6th century BCE-3rd century CE, wit
Veh Shapur/Bishapur
Veh Shapur/Bishapur was an ancient city in Iran on the ancient road between Persis and Elam. This ancient and medieval town in Fārs was, in the Sasanian period, the administrative center of one of the five districts in t
Astakos (Acarnania)
An ancient city of Acarnania, established in the 5th century BCE, the site of Astakos lies approximately 2 kilometers north of the modern town that now bears its name. Ancient Astakos was succeeded in Byzantine times by
Demetrias (Magnesian)
This ancient city, located near modern Volos in Thessaly, was founded by Demetrios Poliorketes in the third century BCE and abandoned in the 6th century CE. Continuous human activity in the area can be traced back at lea
El Raso
A fortified settlement of the Vettones located in the municipality of Candeleda (Ávila, Spain) near the hamlet of El Raso. Archaeological remains at the site consist of several walled enclosures distributed in at least t
Kastanas
An unnamed ancient settlement located near Kastanas in Greece's Chalkidona Municipality. This site is thought to have been first inhabited in the Early Bronze Age. Occupation continued until ca. 200 BCE, although there i
Yeovil Roman settlement
The remains of a Roman settlement at Yeovil have been identified via partial excavation just to the south of Westland Road. Structural remains were documented, as well as evidence for drainage and town planning. The occu
Aemate
An ancient community located in the area of modern Dobrnja in the municipality of Banja Luka, Republika Srpska, Bosnia and Herzegovina. It appears (possibly as a road station) in the Antonine Itineraries, the Peutinger M
Asopos
An ancient settlement located in a protected bay on the west coast of the Parnon peninsula (Peloponnese), now occupied by modern Plitra. The modern town that now carries the name "Asopos" lies some 5 kilometers north of
Augusta Bagiennorum
Augusta Bagiennorum was a chief settlement of the Bagienni, a Ligurian tribe. A Roman colony was established at the site in the time of Augustus. Remains of structures are found to the northeast of the modern town of Ben
Tli
Major burial ground of the late Bronze Age Koban culture, which flourished in the Caucasus from ca. 1400-400 BCE. The Tli necropolis, named after the nearby modern village of Tli, contains 481 graves dated from the Middl
Oviedo
Founded in the eighth century, Oviedo was modeled after Toledo and flourished in the ninth century under Asturian King Alfonso II (791-842). It was at that time that Oviedo became the Asturian capital and an episcopal se
Santa Filitica
A Roman villa and subsequent Vandal-era and, following a period of abandonment, Byzantine-era village, located on the northwest Sardinian coast in the northern part of the modern municipal territory of Sorso. Pre-modern
Yiftahel
An archaeological site of the Lower Galilee in northern Israel, Yiftahel has evidence for occupation beginning in the Pre-Pottery Neolithic B. By the early Bronze Age the settlement consisted of approximately 20 oval str
Hysiai
Hysiai was a frontier citadel of Argos located to the south of the modern village of Achladokampos. The Lacedaemonians destroyed the site in 417 B.C. Pausanias visited the ruined settlement, while Curtius described the r
Pommiers oppidum
The archaeologically attested oppidum at modern Moulin à Vent in the French commune of Pommiers is probably to be identified with the Noviodunum mentioned by Caesar. The oppidum was occupied from the late La Tène period
Kabyle
The site of this ancient settlement, which provides evidence for habitation from the Bronze Age into late antiquity, lies just to the north of the modern settlement that has inherited its name (Kabile) in the Bulgarian p
Kerkenes/Pteria?
A large, fortified Phrygian settlement dating to the 7th/6th centuries BCE on modern Kerkenes Dağ in Turkey's Yozgat province. It is probably to be identified with a "Pteria" mentioned by Herodotus as the site of a battl
Minturnae
Originally an Ausonian town that fought against Rome in 314 B.C., Minturnae became a colony in 296 B.C. The site is located on the Garigliano river (ancient Liris) and served an important economic function. The Via Appia
Nad-i Ali/Zarang?
A large site in modern Afghanistan's Nimruz province. Archaeological evidence is abundant for habitation during the third - first millennia BCE, as well as 8th - 13th centuries CE, when Nād ʿAlī was clearly a major forti
Ur(i)
A major Sumerian city-state founded during the Ubaid period, ca. 3800 B.C. In archaeological terms, Ur is particularly well known for the lavish tombs of its Royal Cemetery, its massive Ziggurat. The site served as the c
Amorion
A Hellenistic and Roman settlement that eventually prospered under the Byzantine Empire, Amorion began minting its own coins in the second century BCE. Its decline comes following a sacking in the ninth century at the ha
Antigoneia/(Col. Augusta) Alexandria Troas
An ancient city of the Troad, founded as Antigoneia by Antigonos Monophthalmos. Lysimachos renamed the city Alexandria after 301 BCE. The city became part of the kingdom of Pergamon and, later, the Roman Empire.
Bakla Tepe
A site located on what is now an island in Tahtalı Barajı near Izmir. The site shows signs of habitation from the Chalcolithic period to the Late Bronze Age, as well as a later Romano-Byzantine settlement. The plain surr
Chhim
Village in the Sidon Hinterland in modern Lebanon inhabited from the Classical period through Late Antiquity, likely built on a sanctuary site in use during the Bronze and Iron Ages. Remains at the site include a Roman t
Kalynda
A settlement attested in ancient literature. Despite some suggestions to the contrary, scholarly consensus continues to identify Kalynda with an archaeological site at the modern village of Şerefler (formerly Kozpınar) i
Kaymakçı
A large Bronze Age settlement on the western shore of Lake Marmara in western Anatolia, overlooking the central Gediz river valley. The site is composed of an 8-hectare fortified citadel situated on a ridge, with evidenc
Leuktra
Leuktra was a settlement located in ancient Boeotia. It was located along the road leading from Thespiae to Plataea, somewhere in the vicinity of the modern town. In 371 B.C. the Thebans defeated the Spartans in a celebr
Tsitelbegebi
Settlement site between the villages of Takhtidziri and Dvani in the Kareli Municipality of Georgia. The site has late-Achaemenid-Early Hellenistic and Late Hellenistic-Early Roman period cemeteries. This settlement has
Zabida
The historical town of Zabid in Yemen is noted for its architecture. It served as the capital of Yemen from the 13th to the 15th century and played an important role in the Arab and Muslim world for many centuries becaus
Alguazila
Known as Sietmalos in Muslim Spain, Alguazila was a small village located south of what is now Carmona, Spain. Alfonso X, King of Castile, León and Galicia, delivered some lands of this village to Pedro Blasco el Adalid
Epidauros Limera
An ancient settlement on the east coast of Lakonia. The site, sometimes referred to today as Palaia Monemvasia, has produced evidence for habitation dating from at least the Late Helladic period to perhaps as late as the
Pandiruppu
A settlement in eastern Sri Lanka that was reported in the early 20th century to have been the findspot of one, and maybe a few more, Roman bronze coins of the fourth century. Walburg suspects that this reported provenan
Boukephala
Boukephala or Bucephala was an ancient city founded on the right bank of the Hydaspes river by Alexander the Great following the battle with Porus. Alexander named the city after his warhorse, Bucephalus. Its precise loc
Cutha
Kutha or Cutha (modern Tell Ibrahim) is located on the Upper Euphrates, north of Nippur and northeast of Babylon. The archaeological site consists of two tells. Archaeological evidence of the Neo-Babylonian period has be
Ilerda
An ancient settlement reported only by the 4th century CE Roman poet Avienus, who places it on the east coast of the Iberian peninsula. If it is not a fiction, it might be identified as either modern Javea or modern Léri
Kafr Aqareb
An ancient place, located in modern Syria, with remains of Roman praetorium, a temple and grottoes for pagan worship, a Byzantine basilica, and a large communal reservoir. Inscribed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 201
Kainepolis
Major city of Armenia. Inhabited since the Neolithic Period, the city was capital of the Arsacid Kingdom of Armenia from 120-330 CE, and became a major religious center with the construction of Etchmiadzin Cathedral in t
Najafabad
Najafabad (Persian: نجفآباد) is a city in Iran and the capital of Najafabad, Isfahan Province. The discovery of a stele of the Assyrian king Sargon II (r. 721-705 BC) indicates that the settlement’s ancient name, at le
Thimlich Ohinga
A complex of stone-built structures in Migori county, Western Kenya, in East Africa, Thimlich Ohinga belonged to the Luo culture. The architecture is evocative of the Great Zimbabwe Empire located in Zimbabwe. The site w
Aphytis
Aphytis was a polis on the Pallene peninsula. It was part of the Delian League in the 5th century BC, part of the Chalkidean League in the first half of the 4th century BC, and part of Macedon in the late 4th century BC
Bethar
A largely overbuilt ancient village located in the West Bank. Archaeology indicates occupation as early as the 8th century BCE. Herodean fortifications, extended and occupied by Bar Kokhba's forces, were destroyed after
Gali͡ugaĭ
A Bronze Age settlement with burial mounds outside it, located in the modern the Terek River in Russia's Stavropol Krai. Scholars interpret this site as one of several defining the "Maykop culture", which flourished duri
Haliartos
Haliartos was an ancient city of Boeotia, founded as a contemporary of Orchomenos. The city was destroyed by C. Lucretius during the Third Macedonian War. There is a modern Greek town adjacent to the site, which now carr
Masjid-i Suleiman
A settlement in the Zagros Mountains, established in the 3rd or 2nd centuries BC and occupied through the Hellenistic, Parthian, and Sassanian periods. Archaeology has revealed a sanctuary of Herakles and possibly a temp
Mothis
Mūṭ, known in antiquity as Mothis and today as Mūṭ al-Kharāb, a city of the Western Desert that served as a capital of the Dakhleh Oasis region since the Old Kingdom period. In the Late Antique period, it was the capital
Pella/Berenice/Philippeia
Pella/Berenice/Philippeia (Tabaqat Fahl (طبقة فحل)) is a ruined ancient city located in northwestern Jordan. Pella was continuously occupied from the Neolithic period until its destruction by means of an earthquake in AD
Rapis
Attested on the Peutinger Map, ancient Rapis lay on a route from Augusta Vindelicum (modern Augsburg, Germany) to Navoa and thence to Cambodunum (modern Kempten). BAtlas follows Römer Bayern in tentatively placing Rapis
San Esteban Ancient Settlement
An ancient settlement that flourished during the Roman Republic and Early Empire. It is located on the modern Cerro San Esteban at El Poyo del Cid in the Calamocha municipality, Teruel province, Aragon, Spain. Its ancien
Sopatma
One of three "emporia" listed in the PME and placed by it after (i.e., northward from) Kamara and Poduke. BAtlas identified it firmly with modern Marakanam, but Dayalan more recently asserts it might be tentatively ident
Urbnisi
Settlement in central Georgia showing signs of continuous inhabitation from the third millennium BCE through the present. It was a substantial center of the region in the 4th century BCE and in the early Medieval period
Visakhapatnam
Although the present city in the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh seems to have been founded in the 11th or 12th century CE, archaeological evidence indicates the natural harbor at Visakhapatnam has served as a center of m
Aidepsos (spa)
A famous Euboean spa city in the Hellenistic and Roman periods, located at modern Loutra Aidepsou. The polis' original location may have been 3-4 km north in the area of a modern town that carries the modern name Aidepso
Chaika
Settlement in western Crimea, probably founded by Chersonesus in the fourth century BCE. The city was destroyed in the second century BCE by the Scythians, who established a trading center on the same site that lasted un
Hypnia?
An ancient settlement of Lokris, attested in Thucydides and some epigraphic evidence. It is generally identified (though unproven) with a fortified enclosure located on a hill now known as Gardiki near modern Tritaia (fo
Kastri (Syros)
The fortified settlement of Kastri near Chalandriani on the Cycladic island of Syros is an important Early Cycladic II site. This fortified hill-top settlement is a very early example of a site in the Aegean with a forti
Phakoussa
The modern city of Faqous in the southeastern portion of the Nile delta is thought to have been built atop an ancient city known to the Greeks as Phakoussa. Strabo identifies it as the terminus of an ancient canal connec
Prusa
Human settlement at Prusa began as a site called Cius that came under the control of the king of Bithynia in 202 BC. The city was renamed Prusias and was eventually willed to the Roman Empire in 74 BC by Nicomedes IV, th
Rhodopha
Rhodopha was an ancient settlement listed in an itinerary in Megasthenes' Indika as transmitted by the Elder Pliny. As a tentative identification, BAtlas silently followed Rawlinson, who writes "Said to be Dabhai near An
Tel Shiqmona
An ancient settlement located near the coast of the modern city of Haifa, Israel. Archaeological evidence indicates habitation there from the late Bronze Age through the late Byzantine period. Strabo describes the city a
Çelebibağı
Çelebibağı is a modern city in the Van province in south-east Turkey. Here a stele with an inscription (CTU A 11-1) of the Urartian king Argišti II, son of Rusa (8th / 7th century BCE) was found which reports the creatio
Cetona
The present town of Cetona grew around the rocca (fortress) of the tenth century A.D., although occupation at the site reaches back to the Paleolithic when a number of caves show evidence for human activity. There are al
Irchester
At Irchester, a Roman settlement that is superimposed over an Iron Age settlement has been discovered. The first Roman settlement may have been the ficus of a Claudian fort (ca. A.D. 43). The settlement endured until the
Shami
Site in the Shami Valley (Khuzestan Province, Iran), a settlement or sanctuary of the Parthian period (ca. 2nd century BCE-2nd century CE). In 1936, a team led by Marc Aurel Stein uncovered a bronze sculpture (the "Shami
Çayönü
Çayönü was a Neolithic settlement located in southern Turkey. Its remains date ca. 7200 to 6600 BC. The site spans the entire Pre-pottery Neolithic sequence and recent investigations suggest that Çayönü may be the site o
Ara Ubiorum/Col. Claudia Ara Agrippinensium
Ara Ubiorum/Col. Claudia Ara Agrippinensium (Cologne, Germany) was a key site of the Germanic Ubii that became a Roman colony in the first century AD. The city served as the capital of Germania Inferior.
Iria/Forum Iulii Iriensium
Iria/Forum Iulii Iriensium (modern Voghera) was located along the road from Placentia to Dertona. An Augustan colony was established there (colonia Forum Iulium Iriensium) that was then destroyed in the first century AD.
Mihintale
A mountain, associated settlement, and Buddhist pilgrimage site in Sri Lanka comprising multiple religious monuments, monasteries, and other features. Epigraphic finds span the period from the third century BCE to the te
Skillous
An ancient settlement, mentioned by Strabo, that was probably active from the Classical period through the early Roman empire. It was located in the vicinity of the modern Greek village of Makrisia (Elis regional unit of
Aq Chapar 1
At Aq Chapur 1 there is evidence of a monumental building surrounded by two fortified enclosures. At Aq Chapur 2 was a large monument similar to that of Aq Chapar 1. This site is surrounded by a defensive wall with reinf
Oluz Höyük
Mound site in Amasya province, Turkey. First inhabited in the Early Bronze Age (ca. 4500 BCE), the site was abandoned sometime during the Hittite Period (15th-13th centuries BCE). It was briefly resettled during the Iron
Patra(e)
Patra(e) (modern Patras) is an important ancient center with settlement beginning in the Late Helladic period. Patras played a leading role in the foundation of the second "Achaean League" and was the site of a Roman col
Sena Gallica
Senonian Gauls founded Sena Gallica at the mouth of the Misa River in the fourth century B.C. This place became the site of Rome's earliest colony on the Adriatic seaboard before 280 B.C. Pompeius Magnus destroyed the ci
Al(al)komenai
At Al(al)komenai (near Palaiokastro, Ithaca, Ionian Islands) are the remains of a multi-period settlement, in use from at least the Archaic period to Roman times. There is also a tract of Cyclopean walling associated wit
Archaeological area of Piano della Comunità
The archaeological area of Piano (or Quarto) di Comunità is an area of Etrusco-Roman Veii where there is evidence for a Republican domus that is modified during the Augustan period. The area is then used as a necropolis
Arrapha/Karkha de Beth Seluk
The name of the ancient city of Arrapha is first attested in the time of the Neo-Sumerian empire. It later became part of the Akkadian empire. Its location is thought to be that of modern Kirkuk in northeastern Iraq.
Civita di Artena
The remains of an ancient fortified center close to the town of Artena, Italy. The original settlement, of uncertain name, may have been established by the Volsci; both Ecetra and Fortinum have been suggested. The modern
Ptolemais Theron
Ptolemais Theron was an ancient marketplace on the western coast of the Red Sea. Its precise location on the Sudanese Red Sea coast is now unknown, but many scholars view modern Aqiq (Hillat `Agig) as the most likely alt
Pyrgoi/Pyrgos
An ancient settlement of Triphylia in the western Peloponnese, thought to have been located in the vicinity of the modern Greek village of Agios Elias in the municipality of Zacharo, some 36km south-southeast of the mode
Çamlıdere
Modern name for an otherwise unnamed ancient settlement. It may have been a possession of the Ptolemies, Rhodes, and the Attalid kingdom, and was at least peripherally involved with Rome's war against Aristonikos as a Ro
Apollonopolis Magna
The city of Apollonopolis Magna was located on the west bank of the Nile, south of Thebes. As the seat of Horus, Greeks regarded it as a site connected with Apollo. It served as the capital of the second nome of Upper Eg
Forentum?
Scholars associated the ancient place Forentum with Lavello in south Italy. In antiquity, this was an indigenous center active from the Early Iron Age that gradually manifested the material culture of Greek colonists in
Hatria (Picenum)
An ancient city of Picenum that may have originated as colony established by Etruscans from Adria in the Veneto region. An alternate narrative suggests that the city's origins may be as a late sixth century B.C. colony f
Mogontiacum
The original Roman settlement at Mogontiacum (modern Mainz) was established by Drusus ca. 13/12 BC. The settlement became an important military center throughout Roman times and was the base of operations for numerous Ro
Selinous/Traianopolis
Selinous/Traianopolis was a city of Cilicia Aspera and counted among the chief coastal cities of Cilicia. It is perhaps best known as the place where Trajan died in A.D. 117 en route to Rome from his campaigns in the Eas
Tell Amarna
An ancient settlement, located just to the north of the modern village of ‘Amārinah (Jarabulus District, Aleppo Govenorate, Syria). Archaeological evidence at the site dates from the 6th millennium BCE to the early Byzan
Aithalidai/Hybadai?
Aithalidai/Hybadai? was a deme of ancient Attica. Following the Cleisthenic reforms, Aethalidae was assigned to the phyle of Leontis. After 307/6 BCE, it belonged to the phyle of Antigonis. The deme's location is uncerta
Bi'r Minayh
Multi-period site surrounding a well in Wadi Minayh, eastern Egypt. The site includes a mining settlement or Christian lavra dated to the 4th-6th centuries CE, an earlier Pharaonic settlement, and numerous inscriptions f
Heliopolis/Col. Iulia Augusta Felix
An ancient settlement in Lebanon's Beqaa Valley, named as a UNESCO World Heritage Site because "with its colossal structures, [it] is one of the finest examples of Imperial Roman architecture at its apogee."
Matrera castle
Castillo de Matrera is a Spanish castle that originally dates to the ninth century and is located in the northeast of the province of Cádiz. It belonged to the kingdom of Alfonso X (in the thirteenth century). Today it i
Monte Croce Guardia
Monte Croce Guardia (province of Ancona) was a site of human settlement in the Recent Bronze Age (first half of the twelfth century BCE) that went on to flourish during the Final Bronze Age (ca. 1150-925 BCE). The settle
Nekhen/Hierakonpolis
The ritual and political capital of Upper Egypt at the end of the Predynastic period and the Early Dynastic Period, with occupation beginning as early as Naqada I. The site was an important ritual center for the worship
Sorrina
Sorrina was a small Etruscan settlement on Viterbo's Colle di San Lorenzo, of which some traces remain. Epigraphic evidence also attests to a Roman municipium - Surrina Nova - that was likely located between Viterbo and
Bovianum
Bovianum was a Samnite center and the capital of the Pentri tribe. It received Roman municipium status ca. 87 B.C. By the late first century A.D., it was occupied by veterans of Legio XI and known as "colonia Bovianum Un
Burdigala
Burdigala (modern Bordeaux) was a Celtic center of the Bituriges Vivisci. The Romans lost a battle at the site in 107 BC, with consul Lucius Cassius Longinus being killed in the action. Rome eventually controlled the are
Capitulum Hernicum
A Hernican town that still existed in Pliny's time, Capitulum Hernicum received colonists under both Sulla and Iulius Caesar. An inscription found in the area of Piglio mentions the town, but its precise location is unce
Carthago Nova/Col. Urbs Iulia
Carthago Nova/Col. Urbs Iulia (modern Cartagena, Spain) was originally an indigenous settlement that was subsequently refounded first as a Punic site Qart Hadasht ("New City") in 228 BC and later as a Roman city.
Larinum
A settlement of Apulia that originated with the Samnites and Frentani and later came under Roman influence. During the Second Punic War, the Romans defeated Hannibal at Larinum. The settlement eventually gained Roman mun
Modoutou Emporion
Ptolemy places the "Modoutoi" in the northern part of ancient Sri Lanka, and provides coordinates for a "Modoutou emporion". Tentatively following Berthelot, BAtlas places the emporion in the vicinity of modern Mullaitiv
Qalat al-Bahrain
An ancient settlement with evidence of occupation stretching from 2300 BC to the sixteenth century AD, Qal'at al-Bahrain was once the capital of the Dilmun civilization. In 2005, it was listed as a UNESCO World Heritage
Tarracina(e)/Anxur
A strategic Volscian city that had come under Roman control by 509 B.C.; a Roman citizen colony was established there in 329 B.C. The site is particularly notable for the remains of the terraced sanctuary of Iuppiter Anx
Alexandria/Rhambakia
While on the march in 325 BC, Alexander arrived in Rhambakia, the chief village of the Oreitai. He ordered Hesphaistion to remain there and see to establishing a city. The location of this city cannot be determined today
Giricano
Modern Giricano, site of the ancient Dunnu-ša-Uzībiis, is located in the Upper Tigris region of south-eastern Turkey, in the province of Diyarbakir, about 11 km southeast of modern Bismil, ca. 5 km northwest of Ziyaret T
Li Castelli
An ancient settlement of the Messapians located near the modern town of San Pancrazio Salentino on the Salento peninsula of Italy, the site was later used as a Roman military installation. The ancient name of the site is
Cyropolis/Kyra
Cyropolis/Kyra was an ancient settlement, likely coincident with modern Kurkat in what is now northern Tajikistan. Tradition holds that Cyrus the Great established the site in 544 BC to mark the boundary of the Persian e
Gadeira/Gades/Col. Augusta Gaditana
Gadeira/Gades/Col. Augusta Gaditana (modern Cadiz, Spain) is an ancient city of Spain and one of the oldest continuously occupied cities of Europe. Its origins may be Phoenician (Gadir (Phoenician: גדר)).
Monte Navone
Monte Navone rises 754 m above sea level in Sicily's Enna province. Archaeological remains of a settlement pre-dating Greek colonisation were discovered on the summit that have been correlated with the Sikel site of Hybl
(Nea) Paphos
The legendary birthplace of the goddess Aphrodite, (Nea) Paphos has been a center of activity since the Final Bronze Age when Mycenaeans honored the goddess there. The site was listed on the UNESCO World Heritage List in
Antissa
An ancient settlement on a promontory on the island of Lesbos sometimes referred to as "Ovriokastro". Antissa was destroyed by Roman forces in 166 BCE. The visible archaeological remains derive mostly from a later Genoes
Apamea/Kelainai/Kibotos
Apamea/Kelainai/Kibotos (modern Dinar) was an ancient settlement of Phrygia located at a road junction linking Ionia to the east. In 333 BCE, Alexander the Great installed his general Antigonos as satrap of Phrygia.
Kom Wasit
Archaeological site in the province of Beheira in the Western Delta, inhabited from the Roman through the Early Islamic periods. Along with the nearby site Kom el-Ahmer, it has been identified as a possible location of M
Médiouna
In the area of Médiouna, Gsell (AAA, whence BAtlas) noted important Roman remains, largely destroyed, on a large plateau that commands the plain of the Oued Gri. These included column capitals judged to be of late antiqu
Babylon/al-Fusṭāṭ/Old Cairo
An ancient fortified city of the Nile Delta of Egypt, located at Babylon in the area today known as Coptic Cairo. Under the name al-Fusṭāṭ, it became the political center of Egypt following the Arab conquest in the 7th c
Faesulae
Faesulae (modern Fiesole) was an Etruscan foundation called Viesul, Viśl, or Vipsul. The city was conquered by Romans in 283 B.C. Sulla would settle Roman veterans there. Citizens of the town supported the conspiracy of
Incoronata
A protohistoric site located near Metaponto in Italy, Incorata provides important evidence -- especially between the 8th and 6th centuries BCE -- for both indigenous Oenotrian and early Greek colonial physical culture in
Tebtynis/Theodosioupolis?
An ancient Egyptian settlement located near the modern village of Tell Umm el-Baragat in the Al Fayyum Governorate. Tebtunis was founded by Amenemhat III around 1800 BC and flourished during the Ptolemaic period.
Tell Hammam al-Turkmen
Tell Hammam al-Turkmen is an ancient settlement mound or tell located on the left bank of the Balikh river, approximately 80 km north of Raqqa, Syria. The tell has a diameter of 500 meters and stands 45 meters tall.
Antipolis
Antipolis (modern Antibes) was founded as a colony from Massilia in the fifth century BC and emerged as a key trading center. In the late first century BC the city was incorporated into the Roman province of Gallia Narbo
Castrum Minervae/Athenaion/Limen Aphrodites
An ancient settlement of the Sallentini in Apulia. Legendary history held that this was the spot where Aeneas first landed in Italy, thus the assignation 'Limen Aphrodites' or 'Portus Veneris'.
Atrax
An ancient Greek polis in Pelasgiotis in Thessaly. The site is located in modern Greece, immediately south of the Peneios river and 2.5 km west of a small village named Κάστρο (Kastro), which is within the municipality o
Helikore/Nicaea
Helikore/Nicaea (modern İznik, Turkey) was a Greek city of northwestern Anatolia. It was the site of the First and Second Councils of Nicaea and was the interim capital city of the Byzantine Empire between 1204 and 1261.
Kom el-Ahmer
Archaeological site in the province of Beheira in the Western Delta, inhabited from the Roman through the Early Islamic periods. Along with the nearby site Kom Wasit, it has been identified as a possible location of Mete
Liternum
An ancient city of Campania located near the mouth of the Volturnus River; a Roman colony was established at Liternum in 194 B.C. The site is most famous as the location of the villa of Scipio Africanus, as described by
Luceria/Noukeria (Apoulon)
Luceria/Noukeria (Apoulon) was originally a Daunian city. It was designated a Colonia Togata in 320 B.C. and went on to play a significant role in the Second Punic War. Constans II sacked the town in A.D. 663.
Tillya tepe
Tillya tepe ("Golden Hill" or "Golden Mound") is an archaeological site in northern Afghanistan near Sheberghan. A hoard of approx. 20,000 gold ornaments and coins were discovered in six tombs dating to the first century
Umm el-Jimal
Probably a Nabatean foundation, later much expanded in the Roman, Byzantine, and Early Islamic periods, this well-preserved site is located in the Jordan valley, just south of the Syrian border. Its ancient name is unkno
Cereatae Marianae
Cereatae Marianae, purported to have been the birthplace of Caius Marius, is thought to have been located where the 13th-century abbey church of Casamari now stands (in the modern province of Frosinone, Lazio, Italy).
Great Zimbabwe
Great Zimbabwe was the capital of the Queen of Sheba, according to legend. The city, covering ca. 80 hectares, belongs to the Bantu civilization of the Shona culture and dates between the eleventh and fifteenth centuries
Thelepte
Thelepte was a Roman city in Africa Byzacena. It achieved municipal status perhaps in the time of Vespasian and became a colonia under Trajan. The city played an important administrative role in fourth century AD north A
Xirokastrini
A ruined Hellenistic wall-and-tower site (with subsequent additions) on the Xirokastrini hill between modern Kalloni and Parakoila on the island of Lesbos is possibly to be identified with the attested ancient settlement
Akriai
Akriai or Acriae was a settlement of ancient Laconia, located to the south of the modern Greek village of Kokkinia (municipality of Evrotas). According to Strabo, the Eurotas river flows into the sea between Akriai and G
Hayling Island Saxon Settlement
Between ca. 570-900 CE (radio-carbon dates), a Saxon-era settlement and possible ritual site flourished on and around the location of an earlier Iron-Age/Roman sanctuary in the northern part of modern Hayling Island (bor
Jellemeh/Jalame
An ancient settlement at modern Jellemeh/Jalame in northern Israel, southeast of Haifa, where a Roman-era glass manufacturing facility was excavated. Subsequent occupation of the site in the Byzantine period included a v
Kirra
An ancient port settlement located at modern Magoula Xeropigadas in the Greek municipality of Itea near where the Pleistos river debouches into the Corinthian Gulf. Classical Kirra has earlier, Helladic antecedents in th
Myous
An ancient Ionian port settlement in Caria, the site is located at modern Avşar Kale in Turkey. The site was abandoned in antiquity due to siltification from the Maeander river; it was modestly resettled in the Byzantine
Parma
The site of a Bronze Age terramare settlement, Parma was re-founded first by Etruscans and later by the Romans when a colony was established there in 183 B.C. The city was rebuilt by Augustus and was eventually sacked by
Pasargadae/Batrakatash
Pasargadae/Batrakatash was an ancient Persian city and the capital of Cyrus the Great (559–530 BC). It remained the capital until Cambyses II moved it to Susa. The site is listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
Sorviodunum
Sorviodunum (Old Sarum) is the site of pre-Roman habitation in Salisbury, England, where occupation began as early as 3,000 B.C. The oval Pre-Roman fort, covering some 11 ha, was re-used during the Roman and Norman perio
Parthenope/Neapolis
Founded as Parthenope by Greeks in the eighth century B.C., the site eventually gave rise to Neapolis in the sixth century B.C. and was one of the most prominent cities of Magna Graecia. Present-day Naples, Italy.
Quiza Cenitana
Quiza Cenitana was a place located on the coast of Mauretania Caesariensis. Various ancient authors refer to it by different terms - colonia (Ptolemy), municipium (Antonine Itinerary), and oppidum (Pliny the Elder).
Seleucia/Claudioseleucia/Seleucia Sidera
Seleucia Sidera was an ancient city in the northern part of Pisidia, Anatolia, founded by Seleucus I Nicator or Antiochus I Soter in order to protect the military road across northern Pisidia.
Antium
Antium ranked as one of the most important and most powerful centers of Latium and was captured by Rome at the close of the Latin War in the fourth century B.C. Imperial Antium was well known for its number of coastal vi
Civitas Leonina
The Civitas Leonina or Leonine City is a portion of the city of Rome on the left bank of the river Tiber around which Pope Leo IV commissioned the construction of the Leonine Wall in the ninth century AD. This followed t
Munda
Munda, in southern Iberia, was the site of two important battles in antiquity. The first was Cn. Cornelius Scipio's defeated of the Carthaginians in 214 B.C. and the second Iulius Caesar's victory over the Pompeians in 4
Ruweiha
An ancient place, located in modern Syria, with remains of an ancient basilica, residential buildings, and several tombs. Inscribed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 2011 as part of the "Ancient Villages of Northern Syr
Smintheion
Homer mentions the temple of Apollo Smintheus as the shrine where Chryses was priest. The second-century B.C. remains of an Ionic sanctuary with an adjacent town are located in the southwestern Troad near modern Gülpinar
Angkor
The capital city of the Khmer empire, founded in the late 9th century by Yasovarman I (889-901). The city was sacked in 1431 by invaders from the Ayutthaya kingdom, and was abandoned except for the temple of Angkor Wat,
Bostra/Col. Nova Traiana Alexandriana
The ancient city of Bostra (modern Busra in Syria), where extensive ancient Nabataean, Roman, Byzantine, and Umayyad structures still visible. Inscribed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1980.
Gabii
An ancient Latin city located on the line of the Republican Via Praenestina connecting Rome to Praeneste. Gabii is allied to Rome from an early date and flourished during the archaic period, declining by the time of Augu
Hierapolis/Pamukkale
Hierapolis (modern Pamukkale in Turkey's Denizli province) was a major ancient city in Phrygia located at the site of hot springs in southwestern Anatolia. The site was designated as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1988.
Kantarodai
Kantarodai is the name of a small, modern neighborhood in Chunnakam town in northern Sri Lanka. Archaeological excavations there have produced both local and imported pottery as well as mainland Indian and Roman coins.
Kleonai
An ancient city located in the mountainous area southwest of Corinth. The acropolis of ancient Kleonai lies about two kilometers east of the modern town named after it in the 1960s (Archaies Kleones, formerly Kontostavlo
Ophryneion
Ophryneion was an ancient city of the northern Troad. It lay between Rhoteum and Dardanus. The site is located about 1.5 km north-east of the village of İntepe (previously known as Erenköy) in Çanakkale Province, Turkey.
S. Erasmo di Cesi
An ancient settlement, architectural complex featuring polygonal masonry, and associated burials at modern S. Erasmo di Cesi dates to the archaic period and has evidence for activity through the third century BCE.
Unnamed settlement near Sidi Embarek, Algeria
Quarried remains of an ancient settlement of Roman date, recorded by Gsell (AAA, whence BAtlas), noting possible vestiges of a church. The location should lie within 1 km of the BAtlas coordinates: a point near modern Si
Toora-Dash
Archaeological site at the interfleuve of the Yenisei and Khemchik Rivers in Tuva. The site, which flooded by the construction of the Sayano-Shushenskaya power plant in the mid-1980s, contained artifacts from the Neolith
Uronarti
An ancient settlement located on an island in the Nile just south of the Second Cataract, now in the north of Sudan. An ancient fortress dating to the reigns of the Middle Kingdom pharaohs (19th century BC), Senusret I a
Ardashir-Khurra/Gur/[Firuzabad]
Ardashir-Khurra/Gur/[Firuzabad] was an ancient Persian city. Alexander of Macedonia destroyed the original settlement of Gōr, which was later revived by Ardashir I, founder of the Sassanid dynasty.
Hamadab
Hamadab is an important archaeological site of the middle Nile River valley. It is the site of a ruined Kushite city located in what is now Sudan. The settlement was established by the third century BCE and remained acti
Heraclea
An ancient settlement on the Black Sea coast of Asia Minor at modern Karadeniz Ereğli in Turkey. It is often referred to as Heraclea Pontica (or Heraclea in Pontus) to distinguish it from other cities with the same name.
Hermopolis Magna/Schmun
The capital city of the Hermopolite nome (the fifteenth Nome of Upper Egypt). The ancient Egyptians called the site Khmun after the group of eight divinities (Ogdoad) that represented the primordial world.
Lehun
An ancient site located on the northern plateau of the Wadi Mujib in modern Jordan. Under excavation since the 1970s, the site has so far provided evidence for human activity from the prehistoric period through the Islam
Los Castellazos
Los Castellazos is an archaeological site located near Mediana de Aragón, Spain, in a strategic position on the Ginel river. Two phases of occupation relate to the Early Iron Age and the later first millennium BC.
Qlejgħa tal-Baħrija
Plateau on the western coast of Malta that was the site of a village in the Middle and Late Bronze Age (ca. 15th century BCE-8th century BCE). The site shows additional, lesser signs of human activity dated to the Phoeni
Salamis (settlement)
The ancient city of Salamis was located on the Saronic island of the same name, overlooking the modern Ampelaki Bay to the east. The site was likely largely in the area now covered by the modern city of Ambelaki/Ampelaki
Sipous/Sipontum
Sipous/Sipontum was a Greek colony that fell first under Samnite control, then was later taken by Alexander of Epirus. The site became a Roman colony in 189 BC. Legend ascribed its foundation to the hero Diomedes.
Camp celtique de la Bure
A Gallo-Roman settlement of a commercial nature located on the Meurthe river. Archaeological evidence for earthworks, as well as ritual activity, has been discovered. The Gallo-Roman ramparts, in a later phase, make use
Devipattinam
A modern village located on the Bay of Bengal in Tamil Nadu, just north of the Rameswaram peninsula. Epigraphic and ceramic evidence indicate that the village's antecedent was a thriving locus of maritime trade from the
Kokkinos
At Kokkinos (or Kótsinas) on Lemnos there is a mound-like promontory that projects into the Bay of Pourniá. Here was a once important Byzantine/Venetian castle that occupied the site of an earlier, Classical settlement.
Krokodilopolis/Ptolemais Euergetis
An ancient city in the Heptanomis and the capital of the Arsinoites nome. The ancient Egyptian name of the site was Shedyet, and in Pharaonic times it was a major cult center for the god Sobek.
Monte Saraceno di Ravanusa (Kakyron?)
The ancient city of Kakyron, said to have been founded by the Sicani in the eighth century B.C., is probably to be identified with the remains of a fortified city, north of Licata, located on the western side of Sicily.
Nicephorium/Callinicum/Leontopolis
Nicephorium (modern ar-Raqqa in Syria) was an ancient settlement on the river Euphrates in Syria. It may be identical with Callinicum, which was renamed Leontopolis in the mid-fifth century CE.
Tell el-'Oueili
Tell el-'Oueili is an archaeological site located in the Dhi Qar Governorate of southern Iraq. Occupation at the site predates the occupation levels of Eridu, making Tell el-'Oueili one of the earliest known human settle
Areni
The so-called "Areni-1 cave complex" is an archaeological site located near the Areni village in southern Armenia along the Arpa River. The site shows evidence for both ritual and occupational activity in the late Chalco
Hekale?
Hekale was a deme of ancient Attica, likely situated in the plain of Marathon. It derived its name from Hecale, an old woman who aided Theseus in his hunt for the Marathonian bull and whom the hero subsequently honored.
Musti
Musti was a Roman municipium located along the road from Carthage to Tebessa. The site, known in modern times as Henchir Mest or Henchir Mist, lies just east of the modern town of El Krib in Tunisia's Siliana governorate
Poggio Buco
Poggio Buco was a pre-Roman site located in the valley of the Fiora River. Its archaeological remains include those of a circuit wall and a necropolis. The archaeological site is located ca. 9 km west of Pitigliano.
[Khuvar]/Choara/Apameia (Rhagiane)?
BAtlas places this Parthian settlement "near Aradan" and tentatively collates Apameia and Choara, although Pliny makes the two distinct. Isidore does place Apameia in the vicinity of Choara.
Alexandria/Alexandropolis/Cufis
Now Kandahar in Afghanistan, Alexandria/Alexandropolis/Cufis is an ancient site founded by Alexander the Great ca. 330 BC. The indigenous people of the Hellenistic period were likely the Pakthas.
Corciano
The environs of Corciano were inhabited by Etruscans and, later, there is evidence for Roman villas. In 1812, a series of bronze panels from an Etruscan parade chariot was discovered at Castel San Mariano di Corciano.
Gitana
An ancient settlement of Thesprotia, which served as the seat of the Thesprotian koinon. The site is located on the west end of the large hill now known as Vrysella, just downstream from the modern dam at Fragma Kalama.
Prusias ad Mare/Kios
Prusias ad Mare/Kios was an ancient Greek city on the Propontis. The city joined the Aetolian League and was destroyed by Philip V of Macedon. Prusias I of Bithynia rebuilt the site, naming it for himself.
Šibaniba
A settlement mentioned in Neo-Assyrian sources, Šibaniba is identified with the modern site of Tell Billa in Iraq. Although excavated in the early 20th century, very little was published about the archaeology of the site
Abila Dekapoleos/Seleukeia
Abila was a Ptolemaic town located in northern Palestine. Antiochus III conquered it and Pompeius Magnus later freed it in 64 B.C. Becoming autonomous thereafter, Abila became part of the Decapolis.
Athenaion (settlement)
An ancient settlement of Arcadia mentioned by Pausanias. Its precise location cannot be determined today, but it probably lay in the vicinity of the modern town that has acquired its name (Athinaio, formerly Alika).
Col. Lugdunum
Lugdunum (modern Lyon in France) was a Roman military colony from 43 B.C. and a major center in Gaul. Marcus Agrippa was involved in its expansion and two Roman emperors, Claudius and Caracalla, were born there.
Grai Darki
Tell Grai Darki was the site of a Hellenistic and Roman settlement. The site is located approximately 2 km north of Tell Deir Situn. John Curtis conducted excavations here as part of the Saddam Dam Salvage Project.
Guzana (Tell Halaf)
An Aramaean principality and Neo-Assyrian provincial capital founded on the site of an extinct Neolithic settlement. Settled through Hellenistic times, it was abandoned at the end of the first century BCE.
Mably
A group of Gallo-Roman houses was identified on the banks of the Loire river in 1824, with some archaeological investigation in 1962-68. Associated finds date the site to the second century A.D. A Gallo-Roman villa was a
Ornoi
An ancient settlement, attested in written sources. Placed by C. Foss (Barrington Atlas) to the south of modern İnecik, Turkey. According to Hierokles, Ornoi was administratively located in the late province of Europe.
Samiopoula (settlement opposite)
On the island of Samos, opposite the small islet of Samiopoula on land then controlled by that islets' inhabitants, twentieth-century scholars noted remains of a Roman-Byzantine-era settlement and associated tombs.
Sikinos (settlement)
The principal ancient settlement on the Aegean island of the same name. The ancient site is located where the church of Agia Marina now stands on a prominent height, about 5 km southwest of the modern town of Sikinos.
Tasg(a)etium
A fort and vicus located on the Rhine near the southwest end of Lake Constance. A military outpost was created here in the early first century. The site was likely abandoned at the beginning of the fifth century.
Tralles/Dia/Seleuceia ad Maeandrum/Kaisareia
Tralles/Dia/Seleuceia ad Maeandrum/Kaisareia was an ancient city founded by Argives and Trallians that then fell under the sway of the Persian Empire and, later, Hellenistic kings.
Andriake
An ancient settlement in modern Demre on the southern part of the Teke Peninsula, west of the Gulf of Antalya in Turkey. Located about 5 kilometers southwest of the ancient city of Myra, Andriake served as its port.
Klazomenai (earlier)
The initial, mainland site of the city, located to the southwest of modern Urla Iskelesi in Turkey. Pausanias reports that the city relocated to an island in the Bay of Smyrna, for which see "Klazomenai (later)."
Periyapattinam
A late medieval port town located in modern Tamil Nadu, India, on the Bay of Bengal. It seems to have flourished from the 13th century until the 17th, with Chinese and Islamic pottery from the first two centuries of that
Sutrium
An ancient settlement along the line of what would become the Roman Via Cassia and described by Livy, together with Nepet, as one of the keys to Etruria. A Latin colony was founded at the site after the fall of Veii.
Thyraion
An ancient town of Arcadia that was said to have been founded by Thyraeus, a son of Lycaon. It is possibly to be localized in the area of the modern village of Palamari in Greece's Trikolonoi municipality (Arcadia).
Tropaeum Traiani (settlement)
Civitas Tropaensium was a Roman castrum settled by Roman veterans of the Dacian Wars. Constantine I rebuilt the city after it was destroyed by the Goths and it survived until the Avars sacked it in A.D. 587.
Verucchio
Around the modern Italian town of Verucchio (Emilia-Romagna), a number of ancient necropoleis provide evidence for iron-age civilization and craft at a presumed settlement on the site lasting into the Roman period.
Ṣuwwānet eth-Thanīya
Settlement area 2.8km north of the center of modern Jericho with archaeological remains from the Early Roman period, Iron Age, and Late Chalcolithic. The site was at least partially destroyed by agriculture and construct
Alexandria Eschate
Located in central Asia, Alexandria Eschate (or "Alexandria the Farthest") was founded by Alexander the Great in August 329 B.C. The city was located in the Fergana Valley in what is now modern Tajikistan.
Anavlokhos
An archaeological site in Crete, Anavlochos (Vrachasi, Lasithi), provides evidence of a settlement straddling the end of the Bronze Age and the Early Iron Age, carrying on to the Archaic period (ca 1200-650 BCE).
Cures
Cures (also Cures Sabini) was a Sabine city in the Tiber River valley along the Via Salaria. The Romans conquered Cures in 290 B.C. under M'. Curius Dentatus and granted it status as a municipium in the tribus Sergia.
Kolonos
Kolonos was a deme assigned to the phyle Aegeis in Attica. It was located to the north of the Academy and provided the setting for one of the tragedies of Sophocles. The district is associated with the god Poseidon.
L’Impernal
According to M. Labrousse, L'Impernal de Luzech is the site of an oppidum that may correspond to the site of Uxellodunum. The site covers approximately 8 to 10 ha and was abandoned by the early second century CE.
Monte Saraceno di Cercemaggiore
Archaeological excavations on the area of the summit of Monte Saraceno have documented the remains of an imposing, fortified high-altitude settlement which has a second walled area within it.
Qaryat al-Lak
Qaryat al-Lak (formerly called Tulul al-Lak) is a small village in northern Iraq that is located between the Assyrian cities Nimrud and Mosul. The modern village is built on top of the ruin mound. The ancient name of the
Qohaito
A pre-Aksumite and Aksumite settlement located in what is now southern Eritrea, possibly to be identified as the Koloe mentioned in a Roman imperial source. Qohaito has been submitted by Eritrea for consideration as a UN
S. Buono
A fortified town near Chieti in the Abruzzo, the ancient phases of S. Buono include evidence for an indigenous sacred site of the later first millennium BC. Among the finds are votive objects dedicated to Herakles.
Sora
An ancient city of Latium located in the valley of the Liris River that likely had Volscian origins. The Romans captured the city in 345 BCE and later established a colony there in 303 BCE after the Second Samnite War.
Kavousi Kastro
An archaeological site (ancient name unknown) overlooking the Gulf of Mirabello in eastern Crete, not far from the modern town of Kavousi and the ancient site now known as Azoria (q.v.). BAtlas 60 E2 Kavousi (sic).
Murcia
A city located in southeastern Spain that belonged to the kingdom of Alfonso X. The city on the present location was an Islamic foundation under the name Madinat Mursiyah and was established in A.D. 825 by Abd ar-Rahman
Pyrgi
Pyrgi is an ancient Etruscan port city on the Tyrrhenian coast of Italy. A Roman colony was established at the site by 191 B.C. In 1964, the bilingual 'Pyrgi Plaques' were discovered during the course of excavations.
Verlucio
Verlucio is the site of a Roman settlement. An incomplete fortified enclosure has been identified from fieldwork and aerial photographs. The site was located along the Roman road from Cunetio to Bath (Aquae Sulis).
Ammaedara
An extensive ancient settlement and road station at modern Haidra in Tunisia with evidence for occupation from the Roman, Vandal, and Byzantine eras. The site seems to have been abandoned by the 10th century CE.
Amplero
The toponym Amplero refers to an archaeological area located to the northeast of Collelongo (L'Aquila) in Italy. The Institute of Archaeology at the University of Pisa conducted fieldwork at the site in 1969-1971.
Boscotrecase
Located on the southern slopes of Vesuvius, Boscotrecase is a Campanian site destroyed by the eruption of Vesuvius in AD 79. Numerous opulent villas are known in the area by way of archaeological exploration.
Dikili Tash
Dikili Tash is a prehistoric tell in eastern Macedonia, approximately 1.5 km east of ancient Philippi. The site has been excavated by the École française d’Athènes in stages since 1920. Neolithic and Bronze Age deposits
Muggia
Muggia's beginnings as a prehistoric fortified village (castelliere) came ca. the eighth and seventh centuries B.C. This territory came under Roman control in the 170s BC. In 931, king Hugh of Italy donated Muggia to the
Noviomagus Treverorum
This settlement of the Treveri (modern Neumagen in Germany) served for a time as market and road station and was later the site of a late Roman fortification. Extensive funerary remains also survive.
Pelusium
Pelusium was a fortified ancient city located at the mouth of the eastern-most branch of the Nile river. Its ruins, now land-locked and located approximately 30km southeast of Port Said, are known as Tell Farama.
S. Casciano dei Bagni
The village of San Casciano dei Bagni, located south of Siena, Italy, has been frequented since at least the first millennium BCE on account of its thermal springs with supposedly healing properties.
Vettona
Vettona (modern Bettona) is an ancient settlement of Umbria located between Perusia and Mevania. Pliny the Elder lists it among the municipalities of Umbria, and it also numbered as one of the “xv Populi Umbriae".
Asisium
A Roman settlement built atop an earlier Umbrian one on a western foothill of the Apennines, Asisium received municipal status and was assigned to the Tribus Sergia. Totila destroyed most of the city in A.D. 545.
Eresos
An ancient settlement on the island of Lesbos (modern Skala Eresou), reputed birthplace of the poet Sappho. Strabo describes it as being built on a hill (presumably the modern Vigla) and extending down to the sea.
Horncastle
Site of lesser Roman walled town in present-day Lincolnshire, with occupation possibly as early as 1st century CE. The city walls, however likely do not predate the 4th century CE. Candidate location for Bannovallum (the
Murat Höyük
Settlement on the Murat River in Eastern Anatolia inhabited in the Early Bronze Age (ca. 2500-2200 BCE), the Early-Middle Iron Age, and the Medieval Period. It is located near, but distinct from, the Urartian and Byzanti
Panopeos/Phanotis
A city of Phocis on the Boeotian frontier. Substantive remains of the ancient walled city are visible on the height immediately south of modern Hagios Vlasios (Municipality of Livadia, Boeotia, Greece).
Saar Site
Early Dilmun settlement founded as early as 2300 BCE, with the main phase of the town being built around 1900 BCE. The site, which is located in modern Bahrain, continued in use around 100-200 years after the establishme
San Giovenale
The archaeological remains of an Etruscan settlement were discovered at San Giovenale, close to Blera, Italy, by the Swedish Institute at Rome in the 1950s and 1960s. The ancient name of the site is unknown.
Abrotonum/Sabratha
The westernmost of the "three cities" of Tripolis, Abrotonum/Sabratha was founded ca. 500 B.C. by the Phoenicians. The city was part of the Numidian Kingdom of Massinissa before becoming a Roman city.
Arretium
Arretium (the Etruscan Aritim) was one of the duodecim populi Etruriae and described by Livy as one of the "Capitae Etruriae". The Romans captured the city in 311 B.C. and it became a station on the via Cassia.
Chesterton/Holditch
Chesterton/Holditch was the site of a Roman industrial center in use from ca. 80 to 160 CE. There is evidence of pottery, coins, lead waste, iron ore slag, and charcoal, according to Heritage Gateway.
Halai Aixonides
Halai Aixonides was an Attic paralia deme of the Kekropis phyle. It was located near Cape Zoster on the western coast of Attica, south of the deme Aixones, from which the second part of its name derives.
Lutibu
Lutibu is a fortified city in Sam'alla that is mentioned in royal inscriptions of the Assyrian king Shalmaneser III (r. 858-824 BC). It is often identified with Sakçagözü (Coba Höyük), which is ca. 20 km northeast of Sam
Lyktos
An ancient settlement on Crete, located just east of modern Xydas/Xidas, with which it is sometimes conflated. The city is mentioned in Homer and seems to have flourished in Hellenistic and Roman times, at least.
Arsinoe/Taucheira
Arsinoe/Taucheira (modern Tocra) may have originally been a Greek foundation that was part of Pentapolis of Cyrenaica. It eventually became a Roman colony and, by the time of Justinian, was fortified.
Dasht-e Nawar
Dasht-e Nawar is a settlement site beginning in prehistoric times on the shores of the lake of the same name. Based on epigraphic evidence, the Archaeological Gazetteer of Afghanistan (1982) classifies it as Kushan, seco
Loukou
A villa of Roman Imperial date, attributed to Herodes Atticus and his heirs. The modern name comes from the nearby Moni Loukous, or monastery of Loukou (St. Luke?), which may sit above an early Christian church.
Mediana
An extensive late-Roman villa used as a temporary imperial residence in the suburbs of ancient Naissus. Located in the modern village of Brzi brod, within the municipality of Niš, Serbia (BAtlas 21 E6 Mediana).
Surt
Medieval Arab settlement, located 55km east of modern Sirte, Libya. Roman-period spolia in the medieval settlement, as well as evidence from the Roman itineraries, place the ancient site of Charax/(I)Scina here or somewh
Urso/Col. Genetiva Iulia
At the modern town of Osuna in Spain's Seville province, archaeological investigation has revealed an extensive Roman-era settlement. In 2022, an earlier "Phoenician" necropolis was discovered.
*Hydai/*Kydai
A ancient settlement in western Anatolia, ca. 8 km west of the modern town of Milas in the Muğla Province. Remains of the ancient settlement are located under and around the modern village of Damlıboğaz.
A(u)xoume
Present-day Aksum in Ethiopia. The center of the Aksumite Kingdom, a maritime trading power that flourished from the first to the tenth centuries AD. The city was listed as UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1980.
Atyochorion
An ancient settlement in Phrygia on the Maeander river that was known to have sanctuaries dedicated to Apollo Lairmenos and to Zeus Trossou. It was probably located at or near modern Akkent in Çal, Turkey.
Campetti - Decumano
At Campetti - Decumano, in the southwestern part of Veii near the "Portonaccio" gate, there is evidence for a sacred complex that includes a therapeutic bath dating to the Roman period. Some residential functions emerged
Kapernabou/Kafr Nabo
An ancient place, located in modern Syria, with remains of an ancient church and residential buildings. Inscribed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 2011 as part of the "Ancient Villages of Northern Syria."
Kydathenaion
Kydathenaion was the third largest deme of Attica, with only Acharnae and Aphidna being larger. It was located within the city walls of Athens and perhaps included the Acropolis and the Areopagus as well.
Labicum
Originally a member of the Latin League, the city of Labicum was taken by the Romans ca. 418 B.C. By the time of Augustus, the site was almost certainly deserted and its precise location remains debated today.
Lanuvium
Lanuvium was an important city of Latium located south of the Alban Hills. After opposing Rome at the battles of Aricia (504 B.C.) and Lake Regillus (496 B.C.), Lanuvium was captured by the Romans in 338 B.C.
Legio/Caporcotani/Maximianopolis
The ancient site of Legio was a Roman military camp located south of Tel Megiddo in the Roman province of Galilee. Legio VI Ferrata was stationed there following the Bar Kokhba revolt.
Merachiche
Evidence of possible ancient construction, perhaps associated with the nearby copper mines at "Bou Khandek", was noted by AAA at modern "Merachiche", southeast of modern Ténès in Algeria (ancient Cartenna).
Patavium
An ancient settlement of the Veneti, Patavium became a Roman municipium in 45 BC. It was the birthplace of several famous Romans including Titus Livius, Valerius Flaccus, Asconius Pedianus and Thrasea Paetus.
Sulci(s)
A site with Phoenician origins (founded ca. 730-700 B.C.) located in southwestern Sardinia. Site of a Roman naval victory against Carthage by Gaius Sulpicius Paterculus in 258 B.C. during the First Punic War.
Athenai
An ancient settlement located on the southern coast of the Black Sea. The subsequent modern village retained the ancient name until the 1920s, when it was given its current Turkish name Pazar (Zere province).
El Kab
An ancient Egyptian site with settlements dating back to prehistoric and Pharaonic times. The site also features rock-cut tombs from the 18th Dynasty and two temples primarily in use from the Early Dynastic period to the
Lixus
Lixus was an ancient settlement of Mauretania Tingitana. It was founded as a Punic port settlement as early as the eighth century B.C. Under the Roman emperor Claudius Lixus was elevated to the rank of colonia.
Monte Serico
A hill located in the northern part of the modern Basilicata province of Italy. In addition to a prominent Norman castle, archaeological survey indicates human activity stretching back to the Bronze Age.
Sha'ar Hagolan
A Neolithic settlement of the Yarmukian culture, located on the northwestern bank of the Yarmuk River approximately 1.5 km south of the Sea of Galilee. At 20 hectares, it is one of the largest known Neolithic settlements
Sobata
Sobata or Shivta is an ancient city in the Negev Desert located some 43 km southwest of Beersheba. The site was enrolled as a UNESCO World Heritage site, together with Haluza, Mamshit, and Avdat, in June 2005.
Aspis/Clipea
Aspis/Clipea, located on the Cap Bon peninsula, was founded in the fifth century BC by the Carthaginians. Site of the Siege of Aspis (255 BC), the first land battle in Africa during the First Punic War.
Diniktum
Tell Muhammad, as suggested by textual evidence in the form of diplomatic letters, may have been ancient Diniktum, a Middle Bronze Age settlement located in the Diyala region of Mesopotamia. One of its Old Babylonian kin
el-Lahun
el-Lahun was a planned 'pyramid town' that supported a royal mortuary complex and other activities associated with the Pyramid of Senusret II, which was located less than a kilometer west of the settlement.
Hajji Firuz tepe
An archaeological site located in the West Azarbaijan province in northwestern Iran that was excavated between 1958 and 1968 by the University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology.
Jericho
An ancient site in the Jordan valley with occupation beginning ca. 11,000 years BP. The tell of Hierichous (Jericho) has more than 20 settlement horizons, ranging from Natufian Hunter-Gatherers to modern.
Paiania Kathyperthen
Paiania was an inland deme of the tribe Pandionis, in Attica. The epithet "Kathyperthen" (Upper) distinguished it from nearby Lower Paiania, but the two formed a single entity for many purposes.
Pandosia
Pandosia was an ancient city of Lucania, located near Heraclea. It is not to be confused with the site of the same name located in Bruttium. The Medieval settlement of Anglona was the successor to Heraclea.
Pedum
Pedum was an ancient city of Latium that was part of the Latin League. Located between Tibur and Praeneste, its precise location is now unknown. Some suggest that modern Gallicano is the site of the ancient city.
Sala
In and around the area where the Islamic-era cemetery of Chellah now lies in modern Rabat, Morocco, a Phoenician and Carthaginian settlement developed. The Roman colony of Sala was eventually established there.
Sardis/Hyde?
Sardis was the capital of the Lydian Empire, located in western Turkey. In 188 B.C. Sardis became a part of the Attalid kingdom, and thus it passed with the territory of Attalus III to Rome in 133 B.C.
Akra
A significant ancient settlement located in the modern Bannu district of Pakistan's Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province. The site, comprising several settlement mounds, is divided by a stream known as the Lohra nullah.
Cetamura
Cetamura is an ancient hilltop settlement with occupation phases stretching from the Etruscans to the Romans to the Medieval period. The site is located near Gaiole, Radda and Castellina in Chianti, Italy.
Forum Fulvii Valentinum
Forum Fulvii Valentinum was a small Roman settlement in Liguria that was established by M. Fulvius Flaccus (cos. 125 B.C.) along the Via Fulvia, a road running from Dertona to Hasta Pompeia.
Nagappattinam
An ancient seaport, locus of Indian Ocean trade, Buddhist center, and major site for bronze production attested archaeologically and in epigraphic and literary sources from the time of Ptolemy to the present.
Beta Samati
Archaeological investigation at the site of Beta Samati, located between Aksum and the Red Sea, has revealed remains of a significant Aksumite administrative center. The archaeological site is located in the vicinity of
Boukephalos
Boukephalos was an ancient port located south of Kenchreai on the Saronic coast of the Corinthia. Wiseman states that it likely corresponds to the modern harbor at Frankolimano on the Bay of Kenchreai.
Dede Harabeleri
Late Antique rural settlement located in Gaziantep Province, Turkey, less than 2km southeast of the tell at Tilbaşar Kalesi. Salvage excavations were carried out on the site in 2016-2018 prior to the construction of the
Etanna
Etanna was a civitas of the Allobroges in Gallia Narbonensis and is also attested as a Roman road station. It was likely located in the modern French commune of Yenne, but its precise location is uncertain.
Magarsa/Antiochia ad Pyramum
Magarsa was a settlement in eastern Cilicia, located on the Karataş Peninsula near the mouth of the river Pyramus. In the Hellenistic period, it was re-founded as Antiochia ad Pyramum.
Nippur/Nufar/‘Hippareni’
An ancient Sumerian settlement whose ruins lie at Nuffar in modern Iraq. Under various names it persisted as a settlement throughout the periods of Greek and Roman engagement in Babylonia.
Rusazus?
Ancient Rusazus is probably to be identified with the modern coastal town of Azeffoun in Algeria's Tizi Ouzou province (formerly Port-Gueydon) where some Roman remains have been discovered over the years.
Vagniacis
Vagniacis was a small Roman site of the first to fifth centuries with likely specialized religious functions. A series of five temples are situated within a temenos along the Watling Street at Springhead.
Agrai
Agrai was a district of ancient Athens located south of the Ilissos River. Pausanias describes the temple of Artemis Agrotera as being located there. It was also the site of the Lesser Mysteries of Eleusis.
Caralis
A city with its origins in a Phoenician settlement of the seventh century BC, Caralis comes under Roman control in 238 BC during the Punic Wars. Florus refers to it as urbs urbinum, or capital of Sardinia
Ghar El Kebir settlement
Settlement associated with Punic and Roman quarries known today as Ghar El Kebir (previously and perhaps in error: Rhar-el-Kebir). The complex is perhaps to be associated with the ancient name Latomiai.
Panormos (settlement, port)
An ancient settlement presumed to have been co-located with a harbor (limen) mentioned by Pausanias as lying 15 stadia east of the Rhion Pr. (modern Rio in Greece), on the north coast of the Peloponnese.
Thala
Thala (Tell Halif) is a small tell located in the northeastern Negev desert, near the modern town of Lahav. The site shows signs of habitation from the Chalcolithic through the Medieval and Ottoman periods.
Yumuktepe
Yumuktepe is the site of a settlement mound (tell) near Mersin, Turkey, that was inhabited from the Neolithic period until the Middle Ages. During the Bronze Age, the tell was part of Kizuwatna, a vassal kingdom of the H
Alebaece Reiorum Apollinarium/Apollinaris Reiorum/Reii
Alebaece Reiorum Apollinarium/Apollinaris Reiorum/Reii was the capital of the tribe of the Reii. Modern Riez in France's Alpes-de-Haute-Provence department.
Behbeit el-Hagar
The site of an important Isis sanctuary in Lower Egypt. Behbeit el-Hagar is located along the Damietta branch of the Nile River, north of Sebennytos and 8 kilometers west of Mansoura.
Dholavira
Dholavira was a settlement connected with the Indus Valley Civilization. Covering some 47 ha (120 acres), the city was occupied from ca. 2650 BCE until ca. 1800 BCE. It is possible that occupation began as early as 3500
Hacımusalar Höyük
A large settlement mound in modern Turkey's Elmalı basin where habitation from the Early Bronze Age through the Byzantine period has been documented. The city was known to Greek and Roman authors as Choma.
Heraia
An ancient city of Arcadia, located on the north bank of the Alpheius river, east of its confluence with the Ladon. Archaeological evidence for its location has been identified near modern Hagios Ioannis.
Kallipolis/Anxa
Kallipolis/Anxa in legend was said to have been founded by Idomeneus of Crete, while Pliny the Elder credits Senonian Gauls as founders. It is most likely that the site was a Messapic settlement.
Ras Ibn Hani
Archaeological evidence on this cape on the northwest coast of the modern country of Syria demonstrates continuous human occupation from the Bronze Age through Byzantine times, down to the modern day.
Col. Caesaraugusta
Colonia Caesaraugusta (present-day Zaragoza, Spain) was established as a planned Roman colony of the Augustan period (ca. 14 BCE). Military veterans of the Cantabrian wars were settled there.
Tawilan
Settlement near the village of Tawilan, Jordan, just west of Petra, with archaeological remains from the Iron Age and Persian period. Notably, there is no evidence of Nabataean occupation at this site despite its proximi
Ambracia
Ambracia (modern Arta) was an ancient city of central Greece, founded as a colony of Corinth in the seventh century BCE. It was located near the Ambracian Gulf along the course of the river Arachthos.
Interamna Lirenas
A Latin colony founded ca. 312 B.C. along the Via Latina. The site was sacked by Samnites (ca. 294 B.C.) and subsequently by Hannibal (212 B.C.). It received Roman municipal status in 90 B.C.
Magnesia ad Sipylum
Magnesia ad Sipylum was an ancient city in Lydia in Asia Minor (modern Manisa in Turkey). Lucius Cornelius Scipio Asiaticus defeated Antiochus the Great at the battle of Magnesia in 190 BC.
Panormos (Chalkidiki)
An ancient settlement of the Chalkidiki that BAtlas places generally somewhere to the immediate southeast of Akanthos (modern Ierissos). In the Directory entry, the location is glossed as "Ierissos?".
Trevinano
Trevinano is a human settlement in Italy, located in the Province of Viterbo of northern Lazio. In antiquity the site was settled by Etruscans. In the eleventh century, the powerful Boncompagni-Ludovisi family built a ca
Aphrodisias
Aphrodisias was a Greek city located in Caria. It is notable especially for the state of its archaeological preservation. The site was inscribed on UNESCO's World Heritage List in July 2017.
Machilipatnam
A modern city in the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh, Machilipatnam served as a major port on the Bay of Bengal, from the 16th through the 19th centuries. Some Roman coins and Mediterranean ceramics have been recovered in
Matalon
An ancient settlement and port on the south coast of Crete, now identified at modern Matala. Excavations have revealed an acropolis, tombs, a maritime slipway for a shipshed, a quarry, and fish tanks.
Minoa (Pakheia Ammos)
This ancient settlement located on the Gulf of Mirabello at modern Pakheia Ammos in Lasithi, east Crete, has produced archaeological remains dating from Minoan times through the Greek and Roman periods.
Pons Aeni
Pons Aeni or "Ad Enum" refers to a site(s) of Roman occupation located near Pfaffenhofen am Inn, Schechen, Upper Bavaria. A bridge on the River Inn connected the two provinces of Raetia and Noricum.
Siagu
An ancient settlement in the Roman province of Africa Proconsularis. It was located at a site known today as Ksar el-Zit, which is in the vicinity of Bir Bou Rekba to the northwest of Hammamet, Tunisia.
Tell Sukas
The ancient Shuksi or Suksi, the archaeological site of Tell Sukas is a Late Bronze Age tell located south of Jableh, Syria. The site was situated at the center of the fertile plain of Jableh and had access to two natura
Tuder
Tuder, modern Todi, is an ancient city of Umbria. Its foundation likely occurred during the eighth/seventh centuries BC, although legendary traditions associate the site with the activities of Herakles.
[Samarra]/‘Sumere’
Site of a major Islamic capital that controlled the provinces of the Abbasid Empire extending from Tunisia to Central Asia for a century. Inscribed as a UNESCO World Heritage site in 2007.
Acquarossa
Acquarossa was an Etruscan settlement that was abandoned in the sixth century BC. The settlement occupied a steep-sided plateau and had an area of approximately 32 ha. Its ancient name is unknown.
Harmozike
Harmozike was an ancient site in Georgia and the dwelling of the royalty of Caucasian Iberia. The site is located on the Bagineti hill in modern Mccheta. Pompeius Magnus captured the site in 65 BC.
Monjukli Depe
Village in southern Turkmenistan located near the Altyn Depe site, inhabited in the late Neolithic and Aeneolithic periods. The finds at the site have been dated from 6200-4350 BCE, with a hiatus in settlement from 5600-
Mursa
Mursa was an ancient city on the Drava River and the site of a colonia Aelia Mursa, likely founded by Hadrian in AD 133. Traces of Neolithic and Iron Age cultures have also been discovered at the site.
Myrkinos
A settlement of the Edones, conquered by the Persians and given to Histiaios of Miletos in 513 BC, then briefly colonised by Milesians after the Ionian Revolt. It was conquered by Macedon in 356 BC.
Oplontis
An ancient place (modern Torre Annunziata in Italy), lying between Pompeii and Herculaneum and buried by the eruption of Vesuvius in 79 CE. Its ancient name is known only from Peutinger's Roman Map.
Padaytak tepe
A large oasis settlement north of modern Shahrisabz in Uzbekistan that included the fortress of Uzunqïr. It is thought to be the location of ancient Kish/Kesh and possibly the Nautaka mentioned in Hellenistic Greco-Roman
Serzhen'yurt
An ancient settlement located in Chechnya that is associated with the Koban Culture, an archaeological culture of the northern and central Caucasus. The site was inhabited during the Bronze and Iron Ages (11th-7th centur
Susa/Seleucia ad Eulaeum
An ancient city of the Elamite, Persian, and Parthian empires of Iran. Located at modern Shush, Susa was inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage List in 2015.
Vosgepag
Vosgepag was the Armenian name for a small village near Van in eastern Turkey (now officially called Beşçatak in Turkish). In its church, a reused building inscription of the Urartian king Minua (9th / 8th century BCE) w
Aecae
An ancient town of Apulia that in legend was reported to have been founded by Diomedes. In the third century B.C. the Roman general Quintus Fabius Maximus captured the town after the battle of Cannae.
Chaeronea
An ancient settlement of Boeotia, Chaeronea was a subject of Orchomenus and a member of the Boeotian League. From the late fifth century BC, Chaeronea belonged to one of the 11 Boeotian districts.
Dilbarjin
Dilbarjin is an ancient city of northern Afghanistan. The site may have been founded under the Achaemenid Empire. Under the Kushan Empire, the site was a fortified local center of some importance.
ed-Dur
Remains of an ancient coastal settlement located between modern Al-Raafah and Al Ramlah in the United Arab Emirates. It is possibly to be identified with ancient Omana, mentioned in Roman sources.
Grumentum
Grumentum was an ancient settlement of Lucania, likely inhabited since the sixth century B.C. The site played a role in the Second Punic War and later became a bishopric in the fourth century A.D.
Tyrus/Col. Septimia Severa
The ancient city of Tyre (modern es-Sur on the coast of Lebanon). A UNESCO World Heritage Site, in part because of its "important archaeological remains, mainly from Roman times."
Chersonesos
Chersonesos was an ancient Greek colony founded in the southwestern part of the Crimean Peninsula, ancient Taurica. Settlers from Heraclea Pontica established the site in the sixth century B.C.
Cluviae
A city of the Carricini Samnites. Its site was surveyed and partially excavated in the 19th and 20th centuries in the vicinity of modern Piano La Roma, a locality to the northwest of modern Casoli.
Gryneion
An ancient coastal city of Aeolis where an oracle of Apollo was located. It was located near the modern Turkish village of Yenişakran (İzmir Province) and the small cape known as Termaşalık Burnu.
Matilica
Matilica was a municipium in Umbria located near the source of the river Aesis and close to the borders of Picenum. The Liber Coloniarum identifies the settlement as one of the “Civitates Piceni.”
Persou (Wadi Hammamat)
Wadi Hammamat was the site of major mining and quarrying operations in the ancient world. The site is mentioned in the Turin Papyrus Map, in connection with a quarrying expedition under Ramesses IV.
Sagalassos
Sagalassos is an ancient city in Pisidia that was later part of the Roman province of Galatia. The city flourished until natural disasters and disease led to its decline in the sixth century AD.
Sahab
A farming village southeast of Amman, Jordan, inhabited from the late Neolithic Period through the sixth century BCE, and briefly inhabited again from the eleventh-thirteenth centuries; now the site of the modern town of
Xantheia/Xanthi
The medieval-modern inheritor of the ancient city of Xantheia (q.v.), located as much as 50 kilometers west-northwest of the probable location of the ancient city. This Xanthi is first named in documents of the 10th cent
Çine Tepecik Höyük
Human occupation at Çine-Tepecik begins in the Chalcolithic period. The site is located in a fertile alluvial plain near the Meander River in western Anatolia. In the Late Bronze Age, this place was located in the Arzawa
*Bocchori
A pre-Roman and Roman settlement on the island of Majorca. Its ruins are known as Pedret de Bóquer, which is located at the modern Port de Pollença. The original settlement dates ca. 1400 BC.
Cremona
Cremona is a city of Cisalpine Gaul located on the Po River. The Romans established a colony of 6,000 settlers there after 225 B.C. Cremona was the first Latin colony placed north of the Po River.
Ohalo II
The archaeological site of Ohalo II is located near the Sea of Galilee. It is one of the best preserved hunter-gatherer archaeological sites dating to the Last Glacial Maximum. It has been dated, via radiocarbon, to 19,4
Sam'al
A Hittite and Aramaean city located at Zincirli Höyük in the Anti-Taurus mountains. The site appears in Neo-Assyrian sources as Samʾalla and Aramaic texts as šmʿl (also yʾdy). It is identified with the modern site of Zin
Thyateira
An ancient settlement of Asia Minor, located at modern Akhisar in Turkey. Visible remains today are limited; they include the archaeological area of Tepe Mezarı in the center of the modern town.
Tobillas
A village located in the valley of the Omecillo River, a tributary of the Ebro. Tobillas has been the focus of a case study interested in the processes of village formation from both archaeological and historical perspec
Velzna/*Volsinii Veteres/Urbiventus
Volsinii Veteres was one of the most powerful and important cities of Etruria, as it was the location of the important federal sanctuary located at the Fanum Voltumnae.
Ameria (Umbria)
Ameria, claimed by Cato the Elder (quoted by Pliny) as the oldest town in Umbria, was an important center that may have gained Roman municipal status as early as 338 B.C., following the Latin War.
Arsameia pros Nymphaio
An ancient fortified city on high ground on the south bank of the river Nymphaios (modern Kâhta Çayı) south of the modern village of Kocahisar (also known as Eski Kahta) in Turkey.
Berenice/Berenike
An ancient port city on the west coast of the Red Sea in modern Egypt, Berenice/Berenike was founded in 275 BCE by Ptolemy II Philadelphus, who named it after his mother, Berenice I of Egypt.
Elateia
Elateia was an ancient Greek city of Phocis, and numbered as the most important place in that region after Delphi. The remains of the ancient site are located to the northeast of the modern town.
Gebel el-Haridi
An archaeological site located within Sohag Governate, near the village of El-Khazindariya, with evidence for human activity stretching from the Sixth Dynasty of the Old Kingdom to the late Roman Empire and the Coptic pe
Kallipolis
An ancient settlement in Aetolia, the remains of which are largely lost beneath the modern Mornos reservoir. The acropolis hill, now occupied by the later Velouchovo castle, can still be seen.
Māri
Mari (Tell Hariri) was an ancient Semitic city that flourished as a trade center and hegemonic state between 2900 BC until 1759 BC. The site was submitted as a tentative candidate for the UNESCO World Heritage list in 19
Skara Brae
Skara Brae is a stone-built Neolithic settlement located on the west coast of Mainland, the largest island in the Orkney archipelago. Comprised of eight clustered houses, the village was occupied from roughly 3180 to 250
Tal-i-iblis
Tell in the Bard Sir Valley in Iran occupied in the late 4th-early 3rd millennia BCE. This site was an important place for copper smelting from its earliest period of occupation. The site has been largely destroyed by mi
Torre del Berrueco
A Spanish village and castle located in the west of Jaén that belonged to the kingdom of Alfonso X (thirteenth century). The site is now known as El Berrueco, in the municipality of Torredelcampo.
Ag. Triada
An ancient Minoan administrative center located in south-central Crete, Ag. Triada (or Hagia Triada) was excavated in the early twentieth century by the Scuola Archeologica Italiana di Atene.
Alba Pompeia
Alba Pompeia (modern Alba) was a Celtic and Ligurian settlement that entered into the Roman sphere during the late Republican period. In Imperial times, Alba was the birthplace of Pertinax.
Gadilon/Helega?
Ancient Gadilon, a town of Pontus, is possibly to be identified with a "Helega" reported by the Peutinger map. It is also probably to be associated with the Ottoman-modern Turkish Bafra.
Meschistha
Meschistha (modern Mtskheta (Georgian: მცხეთა)) is an ancient city in Georgia and was the capital of the Hellenistic kingdom of Iberia. Meschistha became a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1994.
Morgantina
An indigenous Sicilian site founded by the Morgeti, according to Strabo, Morgantina was eventually defeated by Syracuse and thus, in turn, passed into Roman hegemony in the third century B.C.
Nicomedia
Nicomedia was founded in 712/11 BC as a Megarian colony named Astacus and was rebuilt by Nicomedes I of Bithynia in 264 BC. The city was an important administrative center of the Roman Empire.
Nikaia
An ancient settlement in Illyria, associated with ancient Byllis. The site of Nikaia is located on a hill southeast of the modern Albanian settlement of Klos, some 1.5 kilometers south of Byllis.
Tell Chuēra/Harbe
Tell Chuēra (also known as Tall Dahr ash Shuwayrah), a settlement in northern Syria inhabited from the fourth to third millennia BCE. A small settlement, called Harbe, was built on the site during the Middle Assyrian per
Zancle/Messana
Zancle was founded as Greek colony in the eighth century B.C. Home of the Mamertines who called for Roman assistance against Carthaginian forces in 264 B.C., sparking the First Punic War.
Acrillae
A Greek colony founded in Sicily ca. 598 B.C., Acrillae was an important economic center. In 213 B.C., the Roman consul M. Claudius Marcellus fought an engagement against the Syracusans there.
Amman/Philadelpheia
An ancient settlement in northwest Jordan (modern Amman) received a Macedonian settlement and the name of Philadelphia from Ptolemy II Philadelphos (285-246 BC). The modern Amman, Jordan.
Athmonon
Athmonon was an ancient inland deme of the tribe Kekropis in Attica, north-east of the city of Athens at modern Marousi, best known as location of a sanctuary and festival of Artemis Amarysia.
Auximum
Auximum (modern Osimo) is an ancient settlement of Picenum. The original foundation was likely carried out by Greeks from Ancona. The Romans made it a base for military operations from 174 B.C.
Beit el-Wali
Beit el-Wali, meaning "House of the Holy Man", was a site in Nubia where Ramesses II built a temple sacred to Amun-Re, Re-Horakhti, Khnum and Anuket. The temple was relocated in the 1960s.
Chalasmenos
Chalasmenos is an archaeological site that preserves remains of a Late Minoan (LM) IIIC settlement. This site is located on a low hill (240 m asl) immediately to the south of the Cha Gorge near Monastiraki in eastern Cre
Divona
Divona (Cahors) was the capital of the civitas of the Cadurci throughout the Roman period. It takes its name from a sacred spring (likely the Fontaine des Chartreux) and a ford on the Lot river.
Ganeshwar
Chalcolithic settlement in modern Rajasthan, India. The pre-Harappan settlement, located near copper mines and inhabited during the 4th-3rd millennia BCE, is one of two type-sites of the Ganeshwar-Jodhpura Cultural Compl
Heraclea Minoa
An ancient Greek city on the south coast of Sicily, located at the mouth of the Halykos River. Founded by Selinus in the sixth century BC, the site was abandoned in the first century AD.
Kawa
Known today as Kawa, ruins of this ancient Egyptian and Kushite settlement are located on the east bank of the Nile river, seven kilometers south of the modern Nile bridge at Dongola in Sudan.
Lithinos Pyrgos
Lithinos Pyrgos (now Tashkurgan, Xinjiang in China (塔什库尔干镇)) was a settlement located along the Silk Road. During the Han Dynasty the site was a major center of the Kingdom of Puli (蒲犁).
Mons Seleucus
Mons Seleucus was the site of the famous battle between Constantius II and the usurper Magnentius in AD 353. The Gallo-Roman vicus at La Bâtie-Montsaléon included a Gallo-Roman sanctuary.
Mora
A Spanish village that belonged to the kingdom of Alfonso X. It is now known as Moura, and is located in the country of Portugal, across the border from the Spanish cities of Huelva and Badajoz.
Naucratis
Naucratis was a city of the Nile river delta, located on the Canopic branch. Capital of Ptolemaic Egypt, Naucratis was the site of permanent Greek habitation from the sixth century BC onward.
Thonis
The Egyptian site of Thonis, sometimes referred to as Thonis-Heracleion, was located near the Canopic Mouth of the Nile, approximately 32 km northeast of Alexandria. Its ruins are now submerged.
Col. Aquae Sextiae
Col. Aquae Sextiae (modern Aix-en-Provence) was founded by Caius Sextius Calvinus, who placed the colony on the territory of the indigenous confederation of the Salluvii in 122 B.C.
Ithome/Thamiai (Thessaly)
A town in the Hestiaiotis region between Metropolis and Gomphoi. Now modern Phanari, where the visible architecture on the acropolis largely belongs to Byzantine and Ottoman fortresses.
La Galère
An ancient Greek village on the east end of the island of Porquerolles discovered through archaeological survey in the 1980s and dating to the first century BCE. Its ancient name is unknown.
Tell Ischali
Tell Ishchali is an archaeological site in Iraq's Diyala province. Its main floruit in antiquity was from ca. 2700–1800 BC, primarily Dynastic through the Isin–Larsa period. The site was part of the city-state of Eshnunn
Tirzah
Tell el-Far'ah (North) is an archaeological site northeast of the modern-day town of Nablus, identified with the Biblical town of Tirzah. The tell shows signs of inhabitation from the Neolithic Period through the Iron Ag
Valladolid
The site of Celtiberian and Roman settlement eventually gave way to Moorish and, later, Christian foundations. Valladolid grew rapidly during the twelfth and thirteenth centuries under the kings Alfonso VIII and Alfonso
Zama Regia/Zama *Maior
Zama Regia/Zama *Maior in Africa Proconsularis was the site of the Battle of Zama on October 19, 202 B.C., at the close of the Second Punic War fought between Rome and Carthage.
Arpinum
An ancient center that originated as early as the seventh century B.C., which became a civitas sine suffragio in 305 B.C. Arpinum was the birthplace of Caius Marius and Marcus Tullius Cicero.
Carteia/Calpe/Karpessos
A Phoenician and Roman town in Spain located on the Bay of Gibraltar. The site played a strategic role in the Punic Wars, and was given the rights of a Latin colony in 171 BC.
Fuente del Alamo
A Spanish village located in the south of the province of Jaén that belonged to the kingdom of Alfonso X. Today it is known as Fuente Álamo (Jaén). It contains a late antique villa called the Villa Romana de Fuente Álamo
Halykos
A spring, named in a fifth-century inscription found at modern Loumparda/Porto Loumbardo, which would have been in the area of ancient Lower or Coastal Lamptrai. The precise location of the spring has not been determined
Iri-sagrig
A city of southern Mesopotamia attested from the Fara period (Early Dynastic IIIa) through the Old Babylonian period, located on the Tigris river near Nippur, about 60-80km north of Umma. The site has been heavily looted
Lugdunum Convenarum
Lugdunum Convenarum (modern Saint-Bertrand-de-Comminges) was founded by Cnaeus Pompeius as a Roman colony in 72 BC. The site defended the Aran valley and the approaches to Iberia.
Nepet
Nepet had become a Roman town before 396 B.C. when Livy dubs it, along with Sutrium, as one of the "keys" to Etruria. It became a Roman colony in 383 B.C. and a municipium after the Social War.
Prophetes Elias Troullakiou
An ancient settlement on the island of Siphnos. The current church sits on Byzantine foundations and is surrounded by remains of older fortifications and other structures.
Tripolis
The Phoenicians established a commercial outpost at Tripolis (Tripoli) in the ninth century BC. An independent city during the Hellenistic period, Tripolis came under Roman control in 64 BC.
Tuscana
An ancient city that traced its legendary origins to Ascanius, son of Aeneas. The site became an important Etruscan mercantile center and eventually achieved Roman municipal status in 88 B.C.
Ulpia Traiana Sarmizegetusa
The Roman capital of Dacia established by Trajan and located some 40 km from the indigenous center of Sarmizegetusa Regia (cited: BAtlas 21 E4 Ulpia Traiana Sarmizegetusa)
Bukhara
Bukhara began as part of the Persian empire in the sixth century B.C. The site is especially important as an example of an Islamic city of central Asia. The city center was listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1993.
Castel Savello
Castel Savello takes its name from a fifteenth-century fortress of the Savelli family at Albano Laziale. Funerary evidence associated with the Latial culture has been documented here.
Col. Baeterrae
Colonia Julia Baeterrae Septimanorum is located where the Via Herculia crosses the Orb river. It is now modern Béziers, France. The site has been inhabited at least since 750-650 B.C.
Gimtu
Gath, Gat, or Geth (Hebrew: גַּת)) is mentioned in the El-Amarna letters as Gimti/Gintu/Gimtu. It was one of the five Philistine city-states. The town is mentioned in Neo-Assyrian sources; the modern site is Tel es-Safī.
Qunduz Bala Hisar
Qunduz Bala Hisar is the site of a fortified citadel in the Qunduz plain. The fortification is of oval shape, oriented on an East-West axis, with a high citadel at the eastern end.
Shah Tepe (Afghanistan)
Shah Tepe (Afghanistan) or Nayibabad is located in Samanghan Province northwest of Tashkurghan. This is an area of tepes that range in date from the Epi-paleolithic (seventh millennium B.C.) to the sixteenth century A.D.
This
The capital city of the first dynasties of ancient Egypt. While the precise location of the ancient site is unclear, mainstream scholarly thought places it near ancient Abydos and modern Girga.
Uršu/Waršuwa
Uršu/Waršuwa was an Assyrian trading colony (kārum) located on the route between Aššur and Kaneš. This important city is attested in Eblaite and Sumerian sources, including an inscription of Gudea of Lagaš that describes
Wickham Bushes Romano-British settlement
The Romano-British settlement at Wickham Bushes is located due south from Caesar's Camp. A range of archaeological material was recovered, including numismatic evidence that ranges in date from Agrippa to Valentinian II.
Bakare
An ancient port settlement on the southwest coast of India, mentioned by the Periplus, Pliny, and Ptolemy. Casson (whence BAtlas) places it at modern Pirakkād/Purakkad in the state of Kerala.
Kale Akte
Kale Akte was the site of a Sikel center that received an Ionian colony. The precise location of the ancient settlement is unknown, although it is placed in the area of Marina di Caronia.
Matara
Matara, in Eritrea, is an archaeological site located along the coast road to Adulis and dating to pre-Aksumite or early Aksumite times. It is possibly to be identified as the Koloe mentioned in a Roman imperial source.
Nersa
Referred to by Virgil, Nersa was a vicus of the Aequiculi. Its precise location is not known, but some 19th century scholars identified it with the modern village of Civitella di Nesce in Italy.
Rusellae
An Etruscan city captured by Rome in 294 B.C., Rusellae's >2 mile circuit of megalithic walls represent an important early instance of stone fortification walling in the Italian peninsula.
Sarsina
Sarsina was a town of the Umbri that was captured by Cornelius Scipio in 271 B.C. and was the birthplace of the Latin author Plautus. The necropolis at Sarsina has been extensively studied.
Alsium
Alsium served as a port for Caere, together with Fregenae. A Roman colony was established ca. 245 BCE. The Antonine Itinerary places it 18 Roman miles from Portus at the mouth of the Tiber.
Bam
An ancient settlement in Iran, whose remains today are known as The Citadel of Bam (arg-e Bam). Located in the modern city of Bam, arg-e Bam was added to the UNESCO World Heritage List in 2004.
Ecbatana/Hagmatana/Achmeta/Epiphaneia/Ahmadan
The capital of Astyages (Istuvegü), captured by Cyrus the Great in 549 BCE. The site served as a summer residence for both Persian and Parthian kings.
Gazoros
An ancient Macedonian settlement, located near the modern town that bears its name. A likely acropolis has been identified at the church of Hagios Athanasios, northeast of the modern town.
Hermonthis
Modern Armant, an important town of the Egyptian Middle Kingdom that was enlarged during the Eighteenth Dynasty and continued to thrive through the Ptolemaic, Roman, and Coptic periods.
Navan
A ceremonial site of pre-Christian Gaelic Ireland and the capital of the Ulaid. The site, located near Armagh, Northern Ireland, consists of a fortified settlement with a ceremonial building.
Neapolis (Sardinia)
Neapolis was an ancient city of Sardinia, located on the west coast of the island at the southern extremity of the Gulf of Oristano, near the present-day località of Santa Maria di Nabui.
Per-Sopdu
Ancient Egyptian town that was the capital of the 20th nome of Lower Egypt and was a major cult site, dedicated to Sopdu, the god of the eastern borders of Egypt. The site is now under the modern town of Saft el-Hinna.
Sentinum
An ancient town in the region of Italy now known as Le Marche, Sentinum is perhaps best known for the pivotal Battle of Sentinum of the Third Samnite War that took place nearby in 295 BC.
Tithorea/Neon
An ancient city on the southern edge of the Kephissos plain. Known in modern times as Velitsa, the Greek village overlying the ancient site changed its name to Tithorea in the 1920s.
Altyn-Depe
Large settlement of the late Neolothic period through the Bronze Age located in modern Turkmenistan. Part of the Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex, Altyn-Depe was a major urban center of Bronze Age Central Asia.
Arminna West
Archaeological site located on the Nile with late Nubian, Meroitic, and early Christian remains. The site was inundated as a result of the construction of the Aswan High Dam in the 1960s.
Böyük Kəsik
Chalcolithic settlement in modern Azerbaijan. The settlement was oval shaped and was 1.2 hectares in area, but the top layers were destroyed and the lower layers are not visible due to ongoing agriculture on the site.
Cibyra
An ancient Greek city, largely rebuilt in the early Roman empire after a major earthquake. Kibyra is located near the modern town of Göhlisar (formerly Horzum) in Turkey's Burdur province.
Civitanova
Civitanova del Sannio is an Italian comune located in the present-day province of Isernia. In antiquity, Civitanova was the site of multiple fortifications connected with the Samnites.
Eileithyiaspolis
Eileithyiaspolis is a city of Upper Egypt on the eastern bank of the Nile river. The site was occupied from the Neolithic period onwards. Its ancient name was most likely Nekheb.
Korsiai?
The modern town of Fournoi on the largest of the Aegean islands of the same name was likely the principal settlement and harbor of the archipelago, inheriting from them the name Korsiai.
Kotyora
An ancient settlement on the Black Sea coast just to the north of modern Ordu, Turkey. Archaeological remnants of port facilities were previously noted in the neighborhood of Kirazlimanı.
Monte S. Mauro di Caltagirone
Monte S. Mauro di Caltagirone, a hilltop settlement with multi-phase occupation beginning in the Bronze Age. The site received Greek colonists in the Archaic period.
Mursia
A modern village on the northwest coast of the Mediterranean island of Pantelleria. Mursia lies atop a settlement of late Bronze Age date that is associated with the cemetery (Sesi) that lies immediately to its south.
Segestica/Siscia
Segestica/Siscia is an Iron Age settlement recorded by Strabo. It was located at the confluence of three rivers and was used as a staging area for a campaign against the Dacians.
Thamusida
A Roman city located in the province of Mauretania Tingitana, along the road from Tingi to Sala. The city is mentioned by Ptolemy, the Antonine Itinerary, and the Geographer of Ravenna.
Aquincum
An ancient city of Pannonia, Aquincum is now located within Budapest, Hungary. The ancient site was first settled by the Eravisci and later served as a Roman castrum along the frontier.
Beroe/Augusta Traiana
An ancient city located in the Thracian plain, Augusta Traiana was a Roman foundation that superseded the Hellenistic city of Beroe. Now present-day Stara Zagora, Bulgaria.
Corfinium
Corfinium was the principal city of the Paeligni in the valley of the Aternus river. The site becomes the capital of the breakaway Italic groups that oppose Rome during the Social War.
Halai Araphenides
A coastal deme of the tribe Aigeis, in Attica, located on the eastern shore north of Brauron. The site was known in antiquity for its sanctuary dedicated to Artemis Tauropolos.
Hamae
Hamae is an ancient site of Campania located between Capua and Cumae, although its precise location is difficult to fix. The people of Capua gathered there for a solemn religious festival.
Phaistos
An ancient settlement on Crete where occupation began ca. 3000 B.C., Phaistos was a major center of the Minoan civilization and continued to be a Greek city of the first millennium B.C.
Puente Tablas Iberian Oppidum
An Iberian settlement at the modern town of Puente Tablas (Jaén, Andalucia), with initial settlement in the late Bronze Age that continued until the 4th century BCE. The site was reoccupied during the Islamic period.
Tarchna/Tarquinii
An ancient city of Etruria and the leading city of the doudecim populi Etruriae, Tarquinia (called Tarch(u)na or Tarchna in Etruscan) was a major urban center of ancient Italy.
Tel Anafa
Tel Anafa is an archaeological site of the Upper Galilee in Israel. The site was inhabited from the Early Bronze Age through the early Roman period and has a notable Hellenistic phase.
Bodhgaya
A town in India traditionally identified as the place in which Gautama Buddha attained enlightenment. One of the four main Buddhist pilgrimage sites, it is home to the Mahabodhi Temple, a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
Ein Karem
Settlement in existence since the Early Bronze Age with evidence of habitation through the present day, albeit with a great reduction in size in the 14th-early 17th centuries. This site is now a suburb of Jerusalem.
Los Villares (Huétor-Tájar)
Los Villares (Huétor-Tájar) is an archaeological site located in the community of Los Villares (Huétor-Tájar). Here remains of a significant settlement dating to the third to sixth centuries CE have been discovered.
Monte Bignone
Monte Bignone in Liguria is the site of a 'castellaro', a fortified hilltop settlement of Iron Age Ligurian peoples. The fortification is generally dated to the sixth century BCE.
Sanctuary of Asklepios at Epidauros
A major sanctuary complex, with extensive surviving archaeological remains, located approximately 8km from the ancient city of Epidauros in Greece. A UNESCO World Heritage Site.
Tanis
An important settlement in the eastern Nile delta (modern San el-Hagar), Tanis boasted a massive temple precinct and was the burial site for Egyptian kings of the 21st and 22nd dynasties.
Zarai
Zarai or Zaraï is an ancient place in the Roman province of Numidia. It was a Berber, Carthaginian, and, later, Roman settlement located near the site of present-day Aïn Oulmene, Algeria.
Ẓafār
This ancient settlement, located in the southern highlands of modern Yemen, was the capital of the Ḥimyarite tribal confederacy from the third to the sixth centuries of the modern era.
Gallo-Roman sites at Érome, France
A pair of archaeological sites in Gallia Narbonensis. The site of Les Orpaillots shows traces of a sanctuary and a group of tombs while Notre-Dame-de-la-Mure showed traces of a late third century Gallo-Roman villa.
Irni
Irni was the site of a Roman municipium located in the Conventus Hispalensis (Baetica) - the Municipium Flavium Irnitanum. Findspot of the Lex Irnitana, a copy of a Flavian municipal law.
Itanos
An ancient coastal settlement of east Crete. The site is located north of the palm forest at Vai and has provided evidence for occupation from the archaic period through late antiquity.
Karnaia/Astaroth?
An ancient site located south of Damascus, Syria, that is mentioned in the Amarna letters (ca. 1350 B.C.). The site is often associated with the Biblical 'Ashteroth Karnaim'.
Makli, Thatta
Thatta was the capital of three successive dynasties and later ruled by the Mughal emperors of Delhi. The expansive necropolis is thought to have grown around the fourteenth-century shrine of Muhammad Hussain Abro.
Monte San Giovanni Campano
Monte San Giovanni Campano is the site of ancient first millennium BC fortifications, atop which was built the eleventh century fortress, Castello di Monte San Giovanni Campano, where Thomas Aquinas was imprisoned.
Ninfa
Ninfa is now a garden landscape covering more than 100 hectares in the territory of Cisterna di Latina. In archaeological terms, this landscape includes many remains stretching from protohistory to the Middle Ages.
Phyllos
An ancient city of Thessaly, possibly to be associated with a mound located 2 km south-southwest of modern Fyllo, Karditsa that has yielded Hellenistic tombstones and earlier material.
Portus Veneris
A Roman maritime community that may derive its name from a local sanctuary of Venus, Portus Veneris served as the base of the Byzantine fleet until it was destroyed in A.D. 643.
Rhysaddir
An ancient settlement located on Cap Ghir on Morocco's Atlantic coast. It is not to be confused with Rusadir (modern Melilla, which is now a Spanish city on the north African coast).
Rogous
A fortified acropolis known as Kastro Rogon and located near modern Nea Karasounta in Epirus, Greece has been identified as the likely site of ancient Bouchetion, a colony of Elis.
Visentium
Visentium (Bisenzio) was an Etruscan settlement located on the shores of Lago di Bolsena. The site has yielded especially important evidence for Iron Age and Etruscan period burials.
*Porsulae/Maximianopolis
*Porsulae/Maximianopolis, also known as Mosynopolis, was a Byzantine town along the Via Egnatia in Thrace; its position is close to the modern Greek city of Komotini.
Alexandria/Antiochia/Merv
Alexandria/Antiochia/Merv was a major oasis-city of Central Asia, located along the Silk Road (in modern Turkmenistan). Listed as UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1999.
Chorsia
Site of an ancient settlement on the east coast of the Sea of Galilee (at modern Kursi) where port facilities, inscriptions, and a Byzantine monastery have been surveyed or excavated.
Euchaita
Euchaita was a Byzantine city and diocese located in Helenopontus, the Armeniac Theme of northern Asia Minor. The settlement was a station along the Roman road from Ancyra to Amasea.
Falerio
Falerio was the site of a substantial ancient settlement on the left bank of the river Tinna. Under Augustus, a colony of veterans assigned to the tribus Velina was established there.
Gavar
Refounded by Armenian refugees in the 19th century and renamed first Nor Bayаzet and then Kamo (1959-1995), the modern Armenian city of Gavar can trace occupation back to the Bronze Age.
Knosos/Col. Iulia Nobilis Cnosos
A major ancient settlement of Crete, located some 5 km southeast of Heraklion, Knossos was occupied from the Neolithic period to the time of the Roman Empire.
Mes Aynak
The site of Mes Aynak in modern Afghanistan flourished between the between the fifth and seventh centuries A.D. More than 400 Buddha statues, stupas, and a 40 ha monastery complex have been documented at the site.
Neaition/Netum
Neaition/Netum was an ancient town in Sicily that likely became subject to Syracuse after 263 B.C. Pliny the Elder indicates that its citizens eventually acquired Latin rights.
Theveste
Theveste (modern Tébessa, Algeria) became a Roman center and, in the Imperial period, the Legio III Augusta was raised there. In later times Theveste is connected with the Donatists.
Ḥaḳala
A village in today's Amasya, Turkey. According to Mehmed Neşrî (Vol. 1, pp. 374-9 (1949)), Kara Devletşah, a commander in the Timurid Sultanate, stayed in this village and was defeated here or nearby by Bayezid I.
Akragas/Agrigentum
Akragas/Agrigentum was an ancient city of Sicily and is now known as Agrigento. The Archaeological Area of Agrigento was inscribed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1997.
Ebora
A Roman city with likely Celtic roots and a long, subsequent architectural history, the historic center of modern Évora in Portugal was added to the UNESCO World Heritage List in 1986.
Eleusis
An ancient settlement, mentioned by Ptolemy, on the Aegean island of Thera. Scholars tentatively locate it in the vicinity of modern Βλυχάδα (Vlychada) on the island's southern tip.
Kisuatni
Kisuatni is a fortified city in Que, probably in the eastern part of the Cilician plain. The city is mentioned with Abarnani and Lusanda in royal inscriptions of the Assyrian king Shalmaneser III (r. 858-824 BC).
Lusanda
Lusanda is a fortified city in Que, probably in the eastern part of the Cilician plain. The city is mentioned with Abarnani and Kisuatni in royal inscriptions of the Assyrian king Shalmaneser III (r. 858-824 BC).
Neapolis
After the sacking of Jerusalem, Vespasian settled Roman veterans on a new town site located between Mt. Gerizim and Mt. Ebal. The new Roman colony was built on the site of Mabartha.
Trivici Villa?
A settlement of Samnium, within the territory of the Hirpini, that lay close to the frontiers of Apulia. The site is described only by Horace in his famous trip to Brundisium.
Vietri
Modern Vietri sul mare is the likely site of ancient Marcina, an Etruscan settlement in the ager Picentinus located 120 stades from Pompeii. It later came to be inhabited by Samnites.
Windmill Hill
There are remains of a Roman villa at Windmill Hill. Artifact evidence indicates human activity from the second century until the late fourth century CE. The site was also likely occupied earlier in the Iron Age.
Amaseia
Amaseia (modern Amasya) was a naturally fortified settlement in the Pontic mountains near the Black Sea. It served as the capital of the kingdom of Pontus from ca. 300 BC to 183 BC.
Bersabe
Khirbet Abu esh-Sheba' (Bersabe in Galilee) was a fortified site used during the Jewish revolt against the Romans. It is located on the boundary between the lower and upper Galilee.
Bilitio
Bilitio (modern Bellinzona, Switzerland) is an ancient settlement in proximity to both the Po and Ticino rivers. A Roman settlement was established there during the Augustan period.
Calagurris (Nassica) Iulia
Calagurris (Nassica) Iulia (modern Calahorra, Spain) was conquered by Rome in 187 BC and later supported Quintus Sertorius in his war against Cn. Pompeius Magnus.
Cyrene
An ancient Greek city founded in eastern Libya ca. 630 B.C., Cyrene later became part of the Roman Empire (ca. 74 B.C.). The site was added to the UNESCO World Heritage List in 1982.
Gerra
Gerra (modern Anjar, Lebanon) was a stronghold built under the Umayyad Caliph Al-Walid ibn Abdel Malek in the eighth century AD. It was listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1984.
Hamaxitos
Hamaxitos was a Greek city in the southwestern Troad which was considered to mark the boundary between the Troad and Aeolis. Its territory included the temple of Apollo Smintheus.
Heliopolis
Ancient Heliopolis was the capital of the 13th or Heliopolite Nome of Lower Egypt and served as a major religious center. The site is now located in Ayn Shams, a suburb of Cairo.
Lato
Lato was an ancient city of Crete, a Dorian city-state located on Mirabello Bay. The principal ruins date to the fifth and fourth centuries B.C. and the city was destroyed ca. 200 B.C.
Phylakopi
A major Bronze Age settlement on Melos with evidence for continuous occupation from the third millennium BC until the twelfth century BC, Phylakopi provides important information about the Cycladic civilization.
Skolopoeis
Skolopoeis was a settlement of Ionia. Herodotus notes the presence of a sanctuary sacred to the Eleusinian Demeter. The ancient place was located near Doğanbey in Asiatic Turkey.
Tall Ḥamūkār
Tall Ḥamūkār is a large archaeological site located in the Jazira region of northeastern Syria close to the Iraqi border. The site may be one of the world's earliest urban centers. A place from the TAVO Index.
Tuttul
Tuttul was a Bronze Age city that is associated with the archaeological site of Tell Bi'a located in the Raqqa Governorate of northern Syria. The tell lies near the confluence of the Balikh and Euphrates rivers.
*Igaeditania?
Egitania (Civitas Igaeditanorum) was a Roman city whose name was bestowed by the Swabians and Visigoths. This settlement achieved municipal status under the Flavian emperors.
Acqua Acetosa
A settlement along the Via Laurentina that has yielded significant evidence for protohistoric occupation, including funereal evidence of the eighth and seventh centuries B.C.
Alaybeyi Höyük
Settlement in eastern Anatolia containing signs of habitation from the Chalcolithic age (ca. 4700 BCE) to the Iron Age (ca. 400 BCE), including a large number of remains associated with the Kura-Araxes Culture.
Ja Nishin/Soloke?/Seleucia?/Surak?
An archaeological site in Elymais, probably to be identified with the Persian settlement of Soloke and the Hellenistic city of Seleukeia on the Hedyphon.
Lothal
Lothal is among the southernmost cities of the ancient Indus Valley civilisation. The site is located in India, specifically in the Bhal region of the Indian state of Gujarat. The settlement dates ca. 2300 BCE.
Metapontum
An important city of Magna Graecia, Metapontum was located on the Gulf of Tarentum. The Achaeans were responsible for its foundation, perhaps as early as the eighth century B.C.
Muslubium
Muslubium was a place in Mauretania Caesariensis (north Africa) located along the road from Saldae to Igilgilis. It is associated with state-controlled warehouses for the annona.
Parthenion
On a hill southwest of the modern Greek town of Partheni, a fortified Classical-Hellenistic settlement has been identified with the attested ancient Eritrean deme of Parthenion.
Pistyros
Hellenistic remnants, likely of the Thasian colony of Pistyros, have been excavated between modern Kavala and Petropege, just east of the modern village of Pontolivado in Greece.
S. Brancato
At modern San Brancato (Sant'Arcangelo, Basilicata, Italy), multiple excavations since the 1980s have identified a large Lucanian necropolis dating to the 4th-3rd centuries CE.
Taricheiai/Zouchis
An ancient settlement located at the eastern end of the Zouchis Limne (modern Bahiret el Bibane on the Tunisian coast). The modern name of the site is Henchir el-Mdeina.
Wadi es Sebua
The Wadi es-Sebua, also known as the Valley of the Lions, is the site of two New Kingdom Egyptian temples. This includes a temple built by Pharaoh Ramesses II (19th Dynasty).
Dikaiarcheia/Puteoli
A maritime city of Campania situated on the Phlegrean Peninsula. The settlement started as a Greek colony and became a Roman colony under the name Puteoli in 194 B.C.
Maghlub/Forat?/Perat de Meshan?/Bahman Ardashir?/‘Oratha’?/Furat al-Basra?
An ancient place, cited: BAtlas 93 D3 Maghlub/Forat?/Perat de Meshan?/Bahman Ardashir?/‘Oratha’?/Furat al-Basra?
Nasium
A large ancient settlement located in the vicinity of modern Naix-aux-Forges and Saint-Armand-sur-Ornain in France. Excavations began in the 19th century and continued in the 20th.
Sant Esteuan
A Spanish village located in the northeast of the province of Jaén that belonged to the kingdom of Alfonso X (thirteenth century). The site's modern name is Santisteban del Puerto.
Tell Brak
Tell Brak, located in the Upper Khabur of northeastern Syria, was occupied between the sixth and second millennia BCE. The tell stands ca. 40 m tall and covers ca. 130 hectares.
Vatl/Vetulonia
The Etruscan Vatluna resisted Rome's influence in the seventh century BCE, although the city may have been the source of Rome's adoption of the curule chair and the fasces.
Arae Philaenorum
A site located near the bottom of the Great Syrtis which marked the boundary between the territories of Carthage and Cyrene, and later between Tripolitana and Cyrenaica.
Casale Sinibalda
The Casale Sinibalda is located on the western side of the Fosso Saina. Located to the north of the casale are the remains of a basis villae of the so-called fourth style, meaning it verges on opus quadratum.
Chianciano Terme
Chianciano Terme begins as an Etruscan site, with a temple located near the natural springs. By the first century B.C. the site was popular with Romans as a healing spa.
Hierapolis/Kastabala
A city of Cilicia with Hittite origins, Hierapolis/Kastabala later became part of the Cilician satrapy of the Achaemenid Empire and, later, part of the Roman empire.
Ischalis?
Ischalis? is mentioned by Ptolemy, but its precise location remains debated. One possible location is the 'Charterhouse Roman town' site, while another is at Gatcombe, Somerset.
Oued Sly
An ancient village site, said by Gsell (AAA, whence BAtlas) to be located on the left bank of the Oued Chélif (ancient Chulimath), just east of its confluence with the Oued Sly.
Pomarico Vecchio
A fortified center of Lucania founded in the fifth century B.C. or earlier, Pomarico Vecchio was influenced by its close contacts with the Greek cities of Magna Graecia.
S'Arcu 'e is Forros
A significant nuragic complex with major occupational phases during the middle Bronze Age and during the Bronze- to Iron Age transition. A 17 meter long megaron with its temenos is a main feature of the site.
Ag. Andreas (Siphnos)
A Classical-Hellenistic period settlement on/around the site of an earlier Mycenaean citadel on the island of Siphnos, now partially occupied by the church of Agios Andreas.
Ariconium
A site in Roman Britain located some 20 km northwest of Gloucester along the road leading towards the Wye valley. Numismatic evidence suggests possible Roman military presence.
Caudium
A city of Samnium located between Capua and Beneventum. In 321 B.C., the Samnites under C. Pontius encamped there before defeating the Romans at the Battle of the Caudine Forks.
Celenderis
An ancient city on the southern coast of Asia Minor at modern Aydıncık in Turkey's Mersin province. It was a major pottery producer and exporter during the Achaemenid period.
Frattura Vecchia
Frattura Vecchia is a hamlet located in the town of Scanno now in the Abruzzo National Park. This small village is located about 1260 meters above sea level and has ancient origins, perhaps as early as 1106.
Harpina
Harpina, an ancient city of Elis, just east of Olympia, is mentioned in ancient sources. It is thought to have been located at a site just north of modern Archaia Pisa (Miraka).
Marakanda
Marakanda (now Samarkand in Uzbekistan) was a major ancient settlement founded ca. 700 BC by the Sogdians. Alexander the Great conquered Marakanda during his eastern campaigns.
Palike
An ancient settlement in east central Sicily, atop the Rocchicella, which included a sanctuary to the Divine Palikoi (a pair of boiling lakes) within a grotto found on the hillside.
Raphon/Raphana
Raphon/Raphana was an ancient city of the Decapolis that is now in modern Jordan. The ancient site was the legionary base of Legio III Gallica and of Legio XII Fulminata.
Theisoa
An ancient settlement of Arcadia. The archaeological site of the ancient acropolis is located at and around the thirteenth century Frankish castle, just south of modern Theisoa.
(H)Enna
The origins of (H)Enna are unclear. Some sources claim it was founded by Syracuse in 664 B.C. but the archaeological record suggests it is likely a Hellenized Sikel settlement.
Artaxata
An ancient city located on and around the hills known today as Khor Virap. This location is near the Armenian village of Lusarat, which is about 8 km south of modern Artashat.
Broglio di Trebisacce
Broglio di Trebisacce is the site of a protohistoric settlement located on the plain of Sibari not far from the Calabrian coast. Discovered in 1978, the site was excavsed by Renato Peroni from 1979 to 1985.
Carthago
The ancient city of Carthage, located in modern Tunis (Tunisia). Carthage engaged the Roman state in a series of wars conventionally referred to as the Punic Wars by scholars.
Castellum Gurolense
Possibly to be identified with modern Bir el Khreba, according to BAtlDir, which also cites EncBerb wherein Bled Bachir ben Yara (douar Malah-Djiadja) is suggested.
Chintolgoi-Balgas
A major city of the Khitan People of Mongolia. The city was built in 1004, but has layers from before this period and up to the 16th-17th centuries. It was built on the site of an earlier settlement, Kedun.
Dohuk
Dohuk is the capital of Dohuk Governorate in Iraqi Kurdistan. The modern city is located around the ancient site; the University of Dohuk campus is situated on top of the ruins of the ancient city (name not known).
Eupalion
An ancient Greek settlement in the region of Locris. Modern consensus identifies an ancient "kastro" above modern Efpalio (called Soule prior to 1907) as Eupalion's acropolis.
Petinesca
A Roman settlement at Petinesca replaced a Celtic oppidum located on the plateau of the Jensberg. The site was located along the military highway from Aventicum to Salodurum.
Roque-de-Viou
Roque-de-Viou was an oppidum located in the Vaunage valley. Occupational evidence shows the site was in use between 700 BC and 600 BC, 350 BC and 300 BC and around 50 BC.
Sacred Animal Necropolis (Ṣaqqārah)
Sacred Animal Necropolis at North Ṣaqqārah, Egypt, used from the Archaic to the Ptolemaic Period, with the remains of the Christian settlement of Apa Antinos superimposed upon the remains of the necropolis.
Shahr-e Sukhteh
A Bronze Age urban settlement, associated with the Jiroft culture, located in Sistan and Baluchistan provinces in the southeastern part of Iran. The site was added to the UNESCO World Heritage List in 2014.
Trypitos
A small Hellenistic town excavated on the Trypitos promontory E of Siteia, Lasithi Crete. It is probably to be identified with Polichna, attested in ancient literary sources.
Fufluna/Populonium
Populonia likely derives its name from the Etruscan god 'Fufluns' and was an important maritime and commercial center of Etruria located in the Colline Metallifere.
Norba
Norba, located in the Monti Lepini, was a member of the Latin League (ca. 499 B.C.) and became a Latin colony ca. 492 B.C. The city was destroyed in the early first century B.C.
Poliochne
A Bronze Age settlement on the island of Lemnos, Poliochne pre-dates Troy I and shows influence from the Greek mainland during Early Helladic II (ca. 2500 BC). Mycenaean horizons have also been identified.
Sinkhar
An ancient city, located in modern Syria, with remains of an ancient church and residential buildings. Inscribed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 2011 as part of the "Ancient Villages of Northern Syria."
Tylisos
An ancient settlement of north-central Crete. Archaeological and textual evidence indicates the site was inhabited from the bronze age through at least the early Roman empire.
Blad Guitoun
Gsell (AAA, whence BAtlas) noted remains of an "important village" on a hill about 3km northwest of Blad Guiton at a place earlier reported to have been named Takitount.
Cannae
An ancient settlement of Apulia on the Aufidus River. Nearby, the Roman army suffered a major defeat at the hands of the Carthaginians in 216 B.C. during the Second Punic War.
Canopus
An ancient Egyptian city of the Nile river delta. Canopus was located in the seventh nome (Menelaites) on the western bank at the mouth of the westernmost branch of the Nile.
Dreamer’s Bay
The site of an ancient port facility located at the southern tip of the Akrotiri Peninsula, Cyprus. The archaeological remains date to the fifth and sixth centuries CE.
Fioccaglia di Flumeri
Fioccaglia di Flumeri was the site of a Gracchan colony. Some scholars identify the archaeological site at Fioccaglia di Flumeri with the ancient Forum Aemilii.
Hypsous (settlement)
An ancient settlement, ruined by Pausanias' day, thought to have been located in the vicinity of the modern village of Stemnitsa in Greece's Trikoloni municipality (Arcadia).
Madytos
Settlement located in the modern town of Eceabat on the Gallipoli Peninsula containing signs of continuous habitation from the 3rd millennium BCE through the Medieval period.
Mysia (settlement)
An ancient settlement in the Argolid, mentioned by Pausanias, who highlights there a sanctuary of Demeter. This settlement is probably to be identified with the modern Phyktia.
Siphnos (settlement)
The principal ancient settlement on the Aegean island of Siphnos (modern Kastro). The locality has yielded substantial archaeological remains from prehistory to modern times.
Siris
Siris was an ancient Greek colonial city of Magna Graecia situated at the mouth of the Siris (modern Sinni) river. The city was founded by Ionian Greeks between 690 and 660 BC.
Thubursicum Numidarum
Thubursicum Numidarum (now Khamissa, Algeria) is an indigenous site that became a Roman municipium by A.D. 100 (Municipium Ulpium Traianum Augustum Thubursicu).
Tuzla-15
An archaeological site in the western Taman peninsula containing the remains of several structures associated with the Maikop-Novosvobodnaya culture and dated to the late fourth-early third millennia BCE.
Volna 1
Site on the Kerch Strait inhabited from the 6th century BCE-4th century CE, and resettled in the 8th-9th, 12-13th, and 17th-18th centuries CE. Rescue excavations were conducted on the site from 1996-2012.
Welzheim
At the modern town of Welzheim in the Rems-Murr district of Baden-Württemberg, Germany, a complex of two Roman forts with associated settlement (vicus) have been documented.
Bouto
Modern Tell/Kawm el-Fara’in, located in Egypt's Nile delta. The site was a locus of human settlement and activity from the prehistoric period through the early Islamic period.
Callifae?
A city of the Samnites that, according to Livy, was captured by the Romans in Republican times. Probably at or in the vicinity of modern Roccavecchia di Pratella in Italy.
Caput Cilani?
Attested in ancient sources, Caput Cilani may be identifiable with a fortified archaeological assemblage (castellum?) at a place known as Gouéa or Kherbet el Djouhala.
Castellum Aurelianense Antoninianense/Caput Saltus Horreorum Pardalarii
An ancient place, cited: BAtlas 31 C4 Castellum Aurelianense Antoninianense/Caput Saltus Horreorum Pardalarii
Euonymon
A classical deme of Attica, located at modern Trachones / Ano Kalamaki. The area has been continuously exploited or inhabited by humans since at least the Neolithic period.
Kish
Kish was an ancient city of Sumer located east of Babylon in Mesopotamia. Kish was occupied from the Jemdet Nasr period (ca. 3100 BC) until its abandonment under the Seleucids.
Musarna
Musarna is an ancient Etruscan settlement discovered in 1849 just west of Viterbo, Italy. The École française de Rome has been conducting excavations at the site since 1983.
Noviomagus
In Britannia, Noviomagus was the capital of the Regni. According to the Antonine Itinerary, Noviomagus was the first road station along the road from London to Durovernum.
Nuceria (Alfaterna)
Nuceria (Alfaterna) (modern Nocera Inferiore) is an ancient settlement in Campania. In pre-Roman times, this was the chief settlement of the Sarnus river valley.
Alesiai
An ancient settlement of Lakonia, mentioned by Pausanias and placed by him to the southwest of Sparta. It is probably to be localized in the vicinity of modern Ag. Ioannis.
Attidium
An ancient settlement of Umbria mentioned only by Pliny the Elder. Numerous inscriptions discovered at the site indicate that Attidium achieved the status of a municipium.
Babunja
Settlement in western Albania containing signs of habitation from the 6th-4th centuries BCE. Tentatively identified as the site of Arnissa (Ptolemy), it is the find-spot of a bronze equestrian figurine.
Bergintrum
Bergintrum (Bourg-Saint-Maurice) was a settlement located to the west of the Alpes Graiae along the road connecting Mediolanum (modern Milan) and Vienna (modern Vienne).
Borgo Medievale
The post-Roman settlement at Alba Fucens became an administrative center ca. A.D. 870 and remained significant as a center in Marsica until ca. 1143. The area was later subsumed by the Duchy of Spoleto.
Corinthus/Korinthos
The ancient Greek and Roman city of Corinth, located in the Peloponnese, Greece. Also known today as Archaia Korinthos and not to be confused with the nearby modern town.
Daskyleion
Daskyleion (modern Hisartepe at Ergili in Turkey) was the capital of the Persian satrapy of Phrygia from the sixth century BC until the conquests of Alexander the Great.
Emshi tepe
Emshi tepe is located in Jauzjan Province to the northeast of Shibarghan. Material on the site dates to the Hellenistic, Kushan, and Sassanian/Kushano-Sassanian periods.
Isca Dumnoniorum
Isca Dumnoniorum (modern Exeter) was a Roman military complex and later town that was the likely base of Legio II Augusta in the first century, before its move to Isca Silurum.
Piano dei Casazzi
A small, fortified hilltop with evidence of nearby Sikel tombs. The Greek fortifications have been speculatively attributed to Hippokrates of Gela (ca. 495 B.C.).
Suessa Aurunca
The ancient center of the Aurunci, Suessa Aurunca was abandoned in 337 B.C. for a more favorable site (modern Sessa) where a Latin colony was established in 313 B.C.
Tell Arbid
Tell Arbid is an archaeological site located in Syria's Al-Hasakah Governorate in the basin of the Khabur River. The site is active from the third millennium BCE onward.
Telul eth-Thalathat
A site in northern Iraq (approximately 40 km west of Mosul) comprising a cluster of four large tells and several smaller low tells. The site was occupied in the Ubaid, Uruk, and Middle Assyrian periods.
Acinippo/Ronda la Vieja
Producing evidence of human activity since the Neolithic, this site in modern Spain's Provincia de Málaga is especially well-known for its abundant Roman-era archaeology.
Alexandria in Carmania
A city founded by Alexander the Great, perhaps in 324 B.C., which might be identical with the later Gulashkird/Golashkerd/Valashgird in Kerman Province of Iran.
Ancyra (Galatia)
An ancient settlement and later fortified settlement that served as the seat of the koinon of Galatia and capital of the subsequent Roman province. Modern Ankara in Turkey.
Aurelium Cananefatium/Forum Hadriani
Aurelium Cananefatium/Forum Hadriani (modern Voorburg) was the northernmost Roman city on the European continent. It was destroyed ca. AD 270.
Metropolis? (settlement)
The modern village of Palaiomanina in the West Greek regional unit of Aetolia-Acarnania may be identifiable with "Metropolis", a settlement known from ancient sources.
Nuraghe Sant'Imbenia
A nuragic complex near Alghero, Sardinia, composed of a main, central tower flanked by two minor towers and a bastion, and surrounded by a village. The complex dates from the Middle Bronze Age onwards.
Pitinum Pisaurense
An ancient settlement in Umbria, known mostly via its inclusion in the texts of Pliny the Elder and Ptolemy, as well as by means of various epigraphic evidence.
Samaria/Sebaste
Samaria/Sebaste was an ancient city of Iudaea. In 30 B.C., it passed under the control of Herod the Great and was renamed Sebaste in honor of the emperor Augustus.
Sebennytos
Sebennytos was an ancient city of Lower Egypt located on the Sebennytic branch of the Nile River. It was the capital of Lower Egypt's twelfth nome (the Sebennyte nome).
Tell Hassuna
Tell Hassuna is a settlement of northern Iraq, located in the Nineveh Province approximately 35km south-west of Nineveh. This is the type site for the Hassuna culture of the early sixth millennium B.C.
Çatalhöyük west mound
Human settlement on the West Mound of Ҫatalhöyük began later than its eastern counterpart and continued longer. The mound is commonly associated with the Early Chalcolithic period, ca. 5,900-5,600 B.C.
Chemery
Chemery (modern Chémery) was the site of an important Gallo-Roman productive center for sigillate pottery. It was, in fact, the principal pottery of Saturninus and Satto.
Diomeia
Diomeia was a deme of Attica, and it was located both within and outside the walls of Themistocles at Athens. The deme was named after the hero Diomos, a son of Kollytos.
Heba
A Roman colony that was established in the third or second century B.C., Heba lay near modern Magliano. Funerary evidence indicates previous Etruscan occupation at the site.
Kenchreai
An ancient settlement, described by Pausanias as lying between Argos and Tegea in Greece, and probably located at a site now called Palaio-Skaphidaki (Paleo Skaphidaki)
Mashkan-Shapir
Mashkan-Shapir, covering 56 ha, was occupied during the Uruk period and becomes more prominent during the Akkadian period and then during the Ur III period. The site is known today as Tall Abū Duwārī.
Medeon
Medeon was a polis of ancient Greece with occupation stretching from the Archaic period to Late Antiquity. It is located southeast of Aspra Spitia, Viotia, Central Greece.
Nola
The city of Nola (Nuvlana) is considered one of the oldest in Campania. Under Augustus, the settlement became a Roman colony; it was the spot where Augustus died in A.D. 14.
Omphake
Omphake was an ancient Sikanian center that came into conflict with the Greek colony of Gela. It is probably to be identified with modern Butera on the island of Sicily.
Rocavecchia
A fortified coastal site on the Adriatic Sea with a long history of occupation stretching from the Bronze Age (fifteenth to eleventh centuries BC) to the Middle Ages.
Ābādān (settlement)
A settlement on Ābādān island, which is located at the head of the Persian Gulf. The name of the city derives from that of the island; the city is first mentioned by this name in the 9th century CE.
*Aurinia/Saturnia
*Aurinia/Saturnia was a settlement in Etruria. Dionysius of Halicarnassus claimed it was founded by the Pelasgians. Saturnia received a Roman colony in 183 BC.
Armento
Located in the valley of the Agri Rier, Armento has been investigated among a series of small Iron Age centers that include Serra Lustrante, Caprarella, and S. Giovanni.
Athribis/Triph(i)eion
Athribis/Triph(i)eion in Upper Egypt, located outside modern Sohag, was the site of a temple built for the goddess Repyt (Triphis) in the Ptolemaic period.
Augusta Vindelicum/Aelia Augusta
Augusta Vindelicum/Aelia Augusta (modern Augsburg, Germany) was the capital of Raetia. The city was established in 15 BC by Drusus and Tiberius.
Babylon
The ancient city of Babylon began as an Akkadian city-state founded by Amorites in 1894 B.C. The city was also the seat of the Neo-Babylonian Empire from 608 to 539 B.C.
Capdenac
Site of a Gallic promontory fort that continued in use during the Roman period. It is one of several sites that have been suggested for identification with Uxellodunum, which was mentioned by Caesar.
Dugali Alti
Dugali Alti or Dugali Alti di Ostiano is an archaeological site located near Ostiano in Cremona, Italy, that has provided evidence of agricultural practices in the Neolithic period of northern Italy.
Elephantine
A fortified settlement located just before the First Cataract of the Nile. During the Second Intermediate Period, Elephantine marked the southern border of Egypt.
Golgoi
An ancient settlement on the island of Cyprus whose temple of Aphrodite is mentioned in ancient sources. The presumed site is located near modern Athienou and Ag. Fotios.
Katapola
Katapola is the modern settlement in the middle of Amorgos. It has been since Antiquity the harbour of the ancient city of Minoa, and there are archaeological remains of the Roman harbour settlement.
Koubba de Sidi Hamza
Gsell (AAA, whence BAtlas) reported a Roman village at modern Koubba de Sidi Hamza in Algeria, covering an area of 34 hectares and including fortifications.
Krenides/Philippi/Col. Augusta Iulia Philippensis
An ancient city founded as Philippi by the king of Macedon, Philip II of Macedon on the site of the Thasian colony of Krinides.
Memnonia
An archaeological site in the Theban Hills on the West Bank of the Nile river opposite Luxor, Egypt. The location is best known for the Mortuary Temple of Ramesses III.
Motroninskoe Gorodishche
At Motroninskoe Gorodishche in Mielniki (central Ukraine, obl. Cherkassy) an early Iron Age fortified settlement has been identified. The ancient site was a large settlement of the ancient Scythians.
Oxyrhynchus/Pemje
A city of Upper Egypt, Oxyrhynchus/Pemje is particularly well known as an archaeological site that has produced important papyrus manuscripts of ancient texts.
Poggio Civitate (Murlo)
An Etruscan elite complex of the seventh and sixth centuries B.C. located at Poggio Civitate, a hill adjacent to the medieval town of Murlo and about 25 km south of Siena.
Ptolemais/Barkes Limen
An ancient capital of Cyrenaica, Ptolemais was probably named after Ptolemy III Euergetes. The city was founded in either the seventh or sixth century BC.
Septem Aquae
A now-unlocated pagus in the territory of the Sabines. Septem Aquae was known for springs and lakes that were popular with tourists. Cicero visited the area in 54 B.C.
Tepeköy Höyük
Settlement in eastern Turkey containing signs of inhabitation dated to the Early Bronze Age. Rescue excavations were conducted at the site prior to its inundation by the Alpaslan-2 Reservoir in 2021.
Veh Ardashir/Coche/Mahoza/‘Seleucia’
A significant Hellenistic city that served as a capital of both the Seleucid and Parthian empires. The city was founded by Seleucus Nicator.
Apollonia/Sozousa
Apollonia/Sozousa was a coastal town located between Jaffa and Caesarea. It should not be confused with the similarly named ancient site located in Cyrenaica.
Aymont
A Spanish village that borders Portugal and is located in the southwest of the province of Huenca. Known as Ayamonte today, it once belonged to the kingdom of Alfonso X.
Harappa
A Bronze Age fortified city located on the Ravi River, inhabited from the fourth through the second millennia BCE, Harappa was one of the most important settlements of the Indus Valley Civilization.
Homolion
Homolion or Homolium was a polis of ancient Magnesia located in ancient Thessaly. Homolion was situated at the foot of Mount Homole near the edge of the vale of Tempe.
Kenchreai
A "Kenchreai in the Troad," mentioned first by Stephanus, is probably to be identified with a settlement of Roman date, located atop the Kayalı Dağ in modern Turkey.
Montagna di Gildone
A series of noncontinuous fortifications are extant on Mount Gildone (elevation 902 meters) that enclose part of an upland plateau. A nucleus of 23 Samnite tombs was also discovered in the vicinity.
Old Kandahar citadel
Tradition holds that the Iron Age and Achaemenid citadel of Old Kandahar was re-established during the time of Alexander the Great. It functioned as a local seat of power for at least two millennia.
Sisapo
An ancient settlement of Baetica, mentioned by Pliny and in inscriptions found at Los Castillejos de La Bienvenida in Spain where the site has been partially excavated.
Touphion
Touphion is located on the east bank of the Nile River about 20 km south of Thebes. The ruins of a multi-period temple initially built by Sesostris I were found there.
Velia/Elea
The ancient city of Elea / Velia was said to have been founded by Phocaean Greeks in the sixth century B.C. and then became an ally of Rome in the third century B.C.
Baecula?
A settlement of Hispania Baetica in the territory of Castulo that was the site of Scipio's victories over Hasdrubal (209 B.C.), and over Mago and Masinissa (206 B.C.)
Bedriacum
Bedriacum was an ancient town of Cisalpine Gaul located between Verona and Cremona that was the site of two battles during the 'Year of the Four Emperors' (A.D. 69).
Castra Corneli(ana)?
BAtlDir tentatively associates this site, attested in multiple ancient sources, with either modern Galaat-el-Andeless or modern Galaat el Oued in Tunisia.
Dehistan/Mishrian
The ruined Medieval city of Dehistan/Mashhad-i Misrian is now located in the Balkan Region of western Turkmenistan. It flourished from the tenth to fourteenth centuries along a major trade network.
Dur-Bel-Harran-belu-uṣur
A city founded by the Assyrian palace herald Bēl-Harrān-bēlu-uṣur in the mid-8th century B.C. The discovery of a stele there identifies ancient Dūr-Bēl-Harrān-bēlu-uṣur with modern Tell ʿAbṭa (Tell Abtah).
Ferentinum
A Hernican town along the Via Latina that the Romans captured in 364 B.C. Later in the Republican period (after 195 B.C.), the city received Roman municipal status.
Jazirat Hulayla
Jazīrat al-Ḥulayla refers to an island in the Emirate of Ra's al-Khayma, United Arab Emirates that shows archaeological evidence of multi-period occupation.
Keiriadai
Keiriadai was a deme of ancient Attica, assigned to the phyle Hippothontis. It was located outside of the Themistoclean walls, to the west of the Hill of the Nymphs.
Saranta Ekklēsiai
A town in Eastern Thrace with signs of habitation dating from the Paleolithic period; it became a major city in European Turkey in the Ottoman period, and is now the capital of Kırklareli Province.
Tarmita/Termez
Termez, located in modern Uzbekistan, was part of the Graeco-Bactrian kingdom and later the Kushan empire. It eventually became an important center of Buddhism.
Vicus Augusti/*Castellum Medianum Matidium Alexandrianum Tilirvense?
An ancient place, cited: BAtlas 31 C4 Vicus Augusti/*Castellum Medianum Matidium Alexandrianum Tilirvense?
Almoguera
The Spanish village of Almoguera is located in the southeast of the province of Córdoba, near Baena. It belonged to the kingdom of Alfonso X in the thirteenth century.
Anagnia
Anagnia was a Hernican town that sided with Rome against the Volscians and later became civitas sine suffragio. By Cicero's time it received the status of municipium.
Aornos
An ancient city that, according to Arrian, was destroyed by Alexander the Great. It is perhaps to be associated with modern Khulm (formerly Tashkurgan) in Afghanistan.
Boscoreale
A settled area of Campania, especially well known for the Roman country villas of the first century BCE, which were destroyed by the eruption of Vesuvius in 79 CE.
Carreum Potentia
Carreum Potentia (Regio IX) is the site of a Roman colony, perhaps planted during the Gracchan period, on a site that preserves, perhaps, its pre-Roman name.
Dasea(i)
A ruin by Pausanias' time, this ancient settlement was located near Megalopolis in Arcadia. Modern scholars think it probably was in the vicinity of modern Apiditsa.
Fidentia
Fidentia (modern Fidenza) began as a Roman castrum and in 41 BC it became a municipium. The settlement is located along the Via Aemilia, between Parma and Placentia.
Megalopolis
An ancient settlement in Arcadia in the Peloponnese, likely founded in the 4th century BCE. The site lies just to the northeast of the modern town of Megalopolis.
Methone (Thracian)
The so-called Thracian (or Macedonian) Methone is an unlocated settlement attested by ancient sources. Modern scholars suggest Moustheni as a possible identification.
Philitzi
An ancient settlement, likely dating from Geometric to Classical times, has been identified on the modern islet of Filitzi, which was attached to Paros in antiquity.
Albufera
Once a Spanish city, Albufera is today located in the south of Portugal, in the region of Algarve. It belonged to the kingdom of Alfonso X (XIII century). Its modern Portuguese name is Albufeira.
Ameria (Pontos)
An ancient settlement, associated with the sanctuary of Men Pharnakou in Pontos. It was located near modern near Ardıçlı (formerly Agustu) in Turkey's Tokat province.
Astigi/Col. Augusta Firma
Now the modern Ecija on the Genil river, Astigi was the capital of one of the four conventus of Baetica and became an Augustan colony after 27 B.C.
B(a)elo
B(a)elo is located on the northern shore of the Strait of Gibraltar. The town was founded in the late second century BC and achieved municipal status under Claudius.
Leibethra
An ancient settlement whose acropolis has been located at Kanalia, which is near the modern towns of Skotina and Leptokarya in the Greek Dion-Olympus municipality.
Les Arènes
This Roman theater in the modern French commune of Thénac was discovered in the 19th century. Its presence implies an ancient settlement or extra-urban sanctuary.
Lychnidos
Lychnidos (modern Ohrid, Macedonia) was an ancient city. It was listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1979 and 1980 for both its cultural and natural heritage.
Segovia
Segovia, originally of Celtiberian origin, became a Roman settlement. It is perhaps the site where Metellus defeated Hirtuleius, the general of Sertorius, in 75 B.C.
Centocamere at Lokroi Epizephyrioi
The so-called "Centocamere" is an urban complex within the city walls dating to the fourth and third centuries B.C. This complex is laid out a organized city blocks separated by planned streets.
Gourimadi Prehistoric Settlement
Survey and site excavation have provided evidence for a likely prehistoric settlement (possibly fortified) on the Gourimadi hill in the Katsaronio plain in the Karystia, southern Euboea, Greece.
Ilipa Magna
Ilipa Magna was located on the right bank of the Baetis river. It is now the modern Alcalá del Río. In antiquity it was notable for silver mines located nearby.
Kanchipuram
An ancient city of India, founded in the 4th century BCE and frequently mentioned in literature thereafter, is still a center of religious life and architecture, as well as the textile industry.
Kellis
A Roman to Late Antique settlement with substantial remains of public religious buildings, including a large temple, residential areas, tombs, and three churches.
Koussai/Koskam
An ancient city of Egypt on the west bank of the Nile, known as Qis or Kis in Egyptian, Cusae or Kusai in Greek. The modern associated location id El Qusiya.
Oued Krerza
The AAA reports significant Roman ruins on both sides of the "Oued Krerza", especially to the south and southeast of the "djebbana Dra el Abiod", whence BAtlas.
Chermela
The modern village of al-Karmil in the West Bank is the site of Biblical "Carmel". The site remained active in the Roman, Byzantine, and Ayyubid/Crusader periods.
Damascus
The ancient city of Damascus, located in modern Syria, with some 125 monuments dating back to the Roman period. Inscribed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1979.
Gordion/Vindia?
The capital city of ancient Phrygia, the ruins of Gordion are located near the modern village of Yassıhüyük about 10km east of the Turkish city of Polatlı.
Ithaca (settlement)
The ancient city of Ithaca on the homonymous Aegean island. Following RE, BAtlas locates it at the small, protected harbor of Polis on the island's northwest coast.
Jumilla
An ancient settlement of southeastern Spain, whose ancient name is not known today. Occupation of the area seems to stretch from the bronze age up to modern times.
Manduessedum
At Manduessedum are the remains of a Roman settlement dating from ca. A.D. 60 to the early fifth century. A first-century A.D. military camp dates ca. A.D. 70.
Monte Lavanca Nera
A peak in south-central Sicily on which archaeological remains of a fortified settlement have been identified. The settlement's ancient name is unknown.
Peltuinum
Peltuinum was a settlement of the Vestini located along the Via Claudia Nova. The town is notable as the birthplace of the Roman general Gnaeus Domitius Corbulo.
Pisae
A city situated on the Tyrrhenian seaboard and likely of Etruscan origin. Its early nature was that of a mercantile center. The city became a Roman colony in 89 B.C.
Placentia
Placentia (modern Piacenza) was an ancient site with Gallic and Etruscan occupation before the Roman conquest of 218 B.C. The city persisted into Late Antiquity.
Tell Afis
Iron Age settlement in Syria. The site has been tentatively identified as Hadarikka/Hazrek, the capital of the region of Luhuti/Luash, which became part of the kingdom of Hamath around 796 BCE.
Thorax
Described as a "beautiful city of the Sarabastrae" by Pliny the Elder, this ancient settlement may be identifiable with modern Tharad in the Indian state of Gujarat.
Arisbe
Arisbe was an ancient city of the Troad, possibly to be identified with modern Musakoy in Turkey. It was a colony of Miletus, according to Anaximenes of Lampsacus.
Col. Augusta Raurica
Col. Augusta Raurica (modern Augst) was a Roman colony on the south bank of the Rhine established by Iulius Caesar and L. Munatius Plancus in 44 B.C.
Cremna/Col. Iulia Augusta Felix
A significant Hellenistic settlement of Pisidia that received an Augustan colony, taking the name Colonia Iulia Augusta Felix Cremnensium.
Diospolis Magna/Thebai
Diospolis Magna/Thebai was known in ancient Egypt as Waset, "City of the Sceptre". The site was designated as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1979.
Ialysos
Ialysos was an ancient city located on the north coast of the island of Rhodes. Together with Lindus and Kamiros it was one of the three ancient cities of Rhodes.
Icosium
Icosium (modern Algiers) was a Punic and, later, Roman settlement in coastal north Africa. Legend holds that 20 of Herakles' companions founded the original town.
Isthmia
Isthmia was a major sanctuary located on the Isthmus of Corinth, which was sacred to Poseidon and Melikertes Palaimon, and site of the panhellenic Isthmian games.
Koukos
Site of an excavated amphora production facility in southern Thasos that may point to the existence of an associated settlement whose ancient name remains unknown.
Manliana
One of two Roman road stations with this name in Italy attested in ancient sources. The Barrington Atlas Directory localizes this one at modern Torrita di Siena.
Red Hill Roman Temple
Site of a Roman temple and possible small town near the confluence of the rivers Soar and Trent near Ratclifffe-on-Soar, Nottinghamshire. Findspot of at least three curse tablets (defixiones).
Sestinum
Sestinum was an ancient place in Umbria near the headwaters of the river Pisaurus. Pliny mentions the site, and its ancient name is preserved in modern toponymy.
Tappeh Graziani
Small settlement located approximately 10km southeast of Shahr-i Sokhta in the Sistan Plain, eastern Iran, inhabited from the first half of the 3rd millennium BCE until approximately 2350 BCE.
Tell Tabareh
An unexcavated, but heavily looted, ancient site near the modern village of Tabareh, which is located just outside the perimeter of the Omidiyeh military airfield in Iran's Khuzestan province.
Chahar Tut
A fortified settlement site with evidence of occupation in the Kushan (first–fourth century CE) and the Pre-Mongol Islamic (tenth-thirteenth century) periods.
Comum
Comum (modern Como) was a key city of regio XI of ancient Italy. The Celtic site received a Roman colony (Novum Comum) under Iulius Caesar in the first century BC.
Edin's Hall Broch
Edin's Hall Broch, also known as Odin's Hall Broch, is a second-century AD broch near Duns in Scotland. The function of the broch, a drystone roundhouse structure, is a matter of some debate.
Ilium/Troia
An ancient city of northwest Anatolia with occupation ranging from the Bronze Age to the Roman period. Troy features as the central setting of Homer's Iliad.
Iulia Traducta/Iulia Ioza/Tingentera
Iulia Traducta/Iulia Ioza/Tingentera (modern Algeciras, Spain) is an ancient seaport of southern Iberia with Punic and Roman phases.
Lilybaeum
Lilybaeum (modern Marsala) is located at the extreme westernmost point of Sicily. Lilybaeum was a Punic settlement that was conquered by the Romans in 241 B.C.
Monte Sirai
A Phoenician–Punic and later Roman settlement in southwestern Sardinia, Monte Sirai also has evidence for nuragic settlement during the second millennium BC.
Pellana
An ancient settlement whose remnants are located at the modern village now bearing the ancient name (formerly Kalyvia Georgitsi) in Greece's Sparti municipality.
Sabucina
Sabucina was a major indigenous center in central Sicily that was wealthiest in the sixth and fifth centuries BC; it may have been connected with sulfur mining.
Tell Sabi Abyad
An archaeological site located in the Balikh River valley of northern Syria. The site consists of four prehistoric settlement horizons that archaeologists describe as Tell Sabi Abyad I to IV.
'Ein-Shadud
Small settlement in the Jezreel Valley containing structures dated to the Early Bronze Age I. Salvage excavations were conducted on the site in 1979 prior to its destruction by construction.
[Feraria]
The early settlement history of [Feraria] (modern Ferrara) remains uncertain. The name Ferrara appears in AD 753 in a document of the Lombard king Desiderius.
Amyzon/*Mydon
An ancient settlement in Caria, it was one of the cities in the Chrysaorian League of Carian cities. By Strabo's time, it was deemed a suburb of Alabanda.
Baou des Blancs
A rocky promontory that overlooks the modern town of Vence in the Alpes Maritimes department of France. Iron Age, Late Antique, and Medieval occupation and fortifications are attested there.
Cantiano
An ancient place at modern Cantiano may have stood along the line of a branch of the Via Flaminia. The so-called "Sassoferrato milestone" was located about one mile from Cantiano (CIL 6629).
Col. Clunia (Sulpicia)
Col. Clunia (Sulpicia) was a Roman city of Hispania Tarraconensis. The site was besieged by Cn. Pompeius Magnus during the war against Sertorius.
Gournia
A Minoan palace complex and settlement on Crete, finally abandoned ca. 1200 BCE. The original toponym is unknown, and the modern name is derived from stone vessels found at the site.
Marathon
Marathon was a coastal deme of the tribe Aiantis, in northeastern Attica, the site of the Battle of Marathon in 490 BC, and capital of the Marathon tetrapolis.
Melite
Melite was a deme of ancient Attica. It was located in the urban center of Athens and included both the Agora and the Pnyx. It belonged to the tribe of Kekropis.
Nerulum?
Nerulum? was a settlement of interior Lucania that is known from both Livy and the itineraries. The Roman consul Aemilius Barbula captured the site in 317 BCE.
Pan(h)ormus
First founded in 734 BC by the Phoenicians as Ziz, Pan(h)ormus (modern Palermo) was an important ancient city of the Greek, Roman, and Arabic civilizations.
Sumelocenna
Sumelocenna was a Roman settlement on the Neckar River that served as the seat of the procurator of the saltus Sumelocennensis in the late first century AD.
Takht-i Sangin
Takht-i Sangin is an ancient settlement located near the confluence of the Vakhsh and Panj rivers. It may be the source of the so-called "Oxus Treasure".
Amélie-les-Bains
Remains of a Gallo-Roman bath complex are now incorporated in a modern spa at Amélie-les-Bains-Palada in the French department of Pyrénées-Orientales.
Archaeological Sites of Bat, Al-Khutm and Al-Ayn
Located in modern Oman, the protohistoric site of Bat and its neighbouring sites forms the most complete collection of settlements and necropoleis from the third millennium BC in the world.
Gerunda
A settlement of Tarraconensis located at the confluence of the Ter and the Onyar rivers, Gerunda was the chief town of the Gerundenses. Modern Girona in Spain.
Laodicea ad Lycum/Diospolis/Roas
"Laodicea on the Lycus": an ancient settlement located near the modern village of Eskihisar (Eski Hissar) in Denizli Province, Turkey.
Montesei di Serso
A hilltop settlement with a long-term habitation, stretching from ca. 2000 BC to the first century BC. The archaeological site preserves the remains of 4+ mid-first millennium BC dwellings.
Neapolis/Lepcis Magna
Originally a Phoenician colony founded ca. 1100 B.C., Lepcis Magna became a prominent Roman city and birthplace of the emperor Septimius Severus.
Stari Ras
Stari Ras, the first capital of Serbia, is the site of an impressive group of medieval monuments consisting of fortresses, churches and monasteries listed on the UNESCO World Heritage List.
Torikos/Pagras Limen/Heptalou Limen
Torikos/Pagras Limen/Heptalou Limen (modern Gelendzhik) was a Greek trading outpost on the Black Sea known to the Romans as Pagrae.
Xois
Ancient Xois was located on an island that was formed by the Sebennytic and Phatnitic branches of the Nile. It became the capital of its own nome, the Xoite nome.
Combretovium
Combretovium is a 60-hectare open settlement that was occupied from the late Iron Age and Claudian periods through to the middle of the fourth century CE.
Heuneburg
An important hill fort with lower settlement near the source of the Danube, it flourished from the 7th to the 5th century BCE despite one major destruction.
La Cheppe
A Roman camp referred to as the "Camp of Attila", a site that some associate with the Battle of the Catalaunian Plains that occurred on June 20 of A.D. 451.
Negrenenses Maiores/Ad Maiores
A Roman fort and associated settlement (vicus) known today as Henchir Bessariani. It is located southwest of modern Negrine in Algeria.
Onchestos
Onchestos was located northwest of Thebes and was the site of an ancient cult of Poseidon. Prior to the Macedonian period the Boeotian confederacy met here.
Tbilisi
Tbilisi, the modern capital of Georgia, was the ancient Tiflīs and was founded in A.D. 455 or 458 when the capital of Georgia was transferred from Mtsk̲h̲eta.
*Brasos
An ancient settlement of Roman date in western Rhodes attested in ancient textual sources. It may be associated with a locale known today as Prasos/Kastelli.
Beer Sheva/Berosaba
Tel Be'er Sheva is an archeological site in southern Israel that is believed to be the location of the remains of the biblical town of Beersheba.
Cafer Höyük
A Neolithic settlement located in eastern Turkey. The filling of the reservoir of the Karakaya Dam has flooded the tell. Jacques Cauvin conducted rescue excavations between 1979 and 1986.
Histria Pod
An archaeological site near the ancient city of Histria containing the remains of a farmhouse or rural settlement with phases from the Late Archaic and Late Classical/Hellenistic periods.
Horta
The Etruscan settlement of *Hurta (the modern Orte) was close to the Vadimonis Lacus where the Romans fought, and won, two engagements against Etruscan armies.
Kurban Höyük
Site in eastern Anatolia inhabited from the Neolithic-Middle Bronze Age. The site was excavated in the early 1980s prior to being inundated by the construction of the Atatürk Dam in 1990.
Minoa
An ancient settlement on the Aegean island of Amorgos, located on a hill now known as Moundouliá, which is a short distance south-southwest of modern Katapola.
Old Town of Ghadamès
The Old Town of Ghadamès was inscribed in 1986 as a UNESCO World Heritage site, but was de-populated throughout the 1990s. It is now listed on the List of World Heritage in Danger (2016).
Paneas/Caesarea Philippi
An ancient settlement at the southwest foot of Mount Hermon, located in the Israeli-occupied Golan Heights, just across the Lebanese border.
(Hypo)Chalkis
An ancient settlement on the Aetolian coast. The archaeological site of Chalkis is located immediately east of modern Kato Vasiliki in Western Greece.
Andautonia
A Roman settlement and municipium near the Sava river, on the location of the modern village of Šćitarjevo, Croatia, south of Zagreb, near Velika Gorica.
Balıklı
A Neolithic site that is a contemporary of Aşıklı Höyük and located 14km to its north-east. Occupied ca. 8300–7900 BCE, Balıklı provides evidence for early sedentism in Central Anatolia.
Col. Carnuntum
A site first mentioned (A.D. 6) as a winter camp of Tiberius, Carnuntum eventually became a legionary base and the seat of the governor for Pannonia.
Doganella
Doganella was an important Etruscan settlement of the Albegna valley, occupied between ca. 600 and 400 B.C. The city may have comprised as many as 240 ha.
Genua
Genua was an ancient settlement of Liguria that came to be destroyed by Carthage in 209 BC. Thereafter it received Roman municipal privileges and was rebuilt.
Hasanlu tepe
Hasanlu tepe was an ancient settlement located in the Gadar Valley that was occupied continuously from the sixth millennium BC to the third century AD.
Lebedos/Ptolemais
An ancient city of Ionia, located on and behind the modern Kisik peninsula in the Turkish municipality of Mersin Alanı Mahallesi (Izmir Province).
Mola di Monte Gelato
An ancient settlement 30 km north of Rome that was excavated from 1986-90. An imperial villa existed on the site up until the third century AD.
Naulochos/Templum Iovis?
A seaside settlement of ancient Thrace that was a colony of Mesembria. Some Romans seem to have referred to the site also as Templum Iovis.
Praisos
Praisos is an ancient settlement of eastern Crete occupied from the Late Minoan period until ca. 150 BC, when it was destroyed by its neighbour, Hierapytna.
Pylos/Koryphasion
A Classical settlement, probably the Pylos of Thucydides, on the Koryphasion promontory, (modern Akr. Koryphasiou in Messenia) in the Peloponnese.
Saetabis
Saetabis was a town of the Contestani in Hispania Tarraconensis. It has been identified with the modern Spanish town of Xàtiva in the province of Valencia.
Suasa
Suasa was the site of a Roman municipium in Umbria. It lies in the Piano Volpello along a road from Cales to Sena Gallica. Alaric razed the settlement in 409.
Ad Lunam
Listed on the Peutinger Map, Ad Lunam is identified by modern scholars with a Roman fort and associated civilian settlement at modern Urspring in Germany.
Antiochia Arabis/Antoninopolis/Tella/Constantia/Maximianopolis
An ancient place, cited: BAtlas 89 B3 Antiochia Arabis/Antoninopolis/Tella/Constantia/Maximianopolis
Aphrodisias (coastal settlement in Rough Cilicia)
An ancient coastal settlement of Rough Cilicia located at the south end of the isthmus that separates the modern Ovacık peninsula from mainland Turkey.
Barduli
Barduli (now Barletta, Italy) was a road station located along the Apulian coastal road. It was situated between the mouth of the Aufidus River and Barium.
Kastraki of Agios Minas
An ancient fortification and associated settlement located on the Rheunikion hill, near the monastery of Euangelistrias (north of modern Aristi in Epirus).
Kimmerikon
Kimmerikon was an ancient Greek colony in the Crimea located on the Kerch peninsula. The city was founded by Milesian colonists in the fifth century BC.
Mevaniola
Mevaniola was a Roman city located in the Bidente valley. Its inhabitants were of Umbrian extraction, connected with the settlement of Mevania (Bevagna).
Neapolis Theodorias
Neapolis Theodorias was a Roman and Byzantine city in Cyrenaica. It was re-founded in AD 539 by Theodora after it was destroyed by the Vandals.
Olisipo
Olisipo (modern Lisbon, Portugal). Decimus Junius Brutus Callaicus pacified western Iberia and integrated the settlement into the Roman Republic in 138 BC.
Palma
The Spanish village of Palma was located in the western part of the province of Córdoba. In the thirteenth century, it belonged to the kingdom of Alfonso X.
Veii
An important city of South Etruria located north-northwest of Rome, Veii was eventually sacked by the Romans in 396 B.C. The ancient city covered some 180 ha.
(Vo)pisciana
The Antonine Itinerary attests to a station "Vopiscianis" (GeogRav "Bobiscianis") on the route from Tocolosida (modern Bled Takourart in Morocco) to Tingi (modern Tangier). Ptolemy's "Piskiana" would seem to reference th
Argoura
Argoura was a city of Thessalian Pelasgiotis that may have been the Homeric Argissa. The city was located on the Peneios river, some 40 stades from Atrax.
Bannovallum
Site of Roman settlement attested in the Ravenna Cosmography, referring to either of the small towns situated at Caistor or Horncastle in Lincolnshire.
Bīt-Adad-erība
A town mentioned in Neo-Assyrian sources that is identified with the modern site of Tell Baqqaq, a ruined settlement mound located ca. 10 km south of Gir-e pan that is now under water.
Cambodunum (Raetia)
Cambodunum was a Celtic settlement of Raetia. A Roman presence began under Tiberius (first century AD) when a Roman garrison was stationed at the site.
Emporiae
A major economic center in the Iberian peninsula, Emporiae (modern Empúries) had indigenous origins but would be the site of a large Greek colonial city.
Jawa (Dair El-Kahf)
A proto-urban center in Jordan's Black Desert (Dair El-Kahf subdistrict) dating from the late fourth millennium B.C. This place should not be confused with Tall Jawa in central Jordan.
Nausharo
Archaeological site in Balochistan, Pakistan, associated with the Indus Valley civilization. The site shows signs of habitation from the early third to the early second millennium BCE.
Phoinike/Finiq
Phoinike (modern Finiq in Albania) was an ancient Greek city of Epirus and the location of the Treaty of Phoenice which ended the First Macedonian War.
Romuliana
Galerius commissioned the Late Roman fortified palace compound and memorial complex of Gamzigrad-Romuliana in the late third and early fourth centuries.
Tall Mūzān
Urkesh or Urkish (the modern Tell Mozan) is a tell located in the foothills of the Taurus Mountains of northeastern Syria. Hurrians founded the site during the fourth millennium B.C.
Trebiae
Trebiae was an ancient city of Umbria (regio IV) located near the line of the Via Flaminia. It is identified with modern Trevi, north of Spoleto in Italy.
Venta
Venta was a Roman town in what is now Wales. Established ca. A.D. 75, Venta served as an administrative and mercantile center for the defeated Silures tribe.
Zabala
This Sumerian/Babylonian city (also known as Zabalam, now as modern Tell Ibzeikh) was a cult centre of the goddess Inanna/Ishtar. It was located near the Iturungal and Ninagina canals.
Aefula
Aefula was an ancient settlement of Latium that had disappeared by the time of Pliny the Elder, although the cult of Bona Dea there continued to flourish.
Calleva
Calleva Atrebatum (known as Silchester Roman Town) was an Iron Age oppidum and Roman town in Britannia. It was the civitas capital of the Atrebates tribe.
Choirokoitia
The prehistoric settlement at Choirokoitia, in Cyprus. The site was inhabited from the seventh to the fourth millennium B.C. and was inscribed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1998.
Kleitor (settlement)
An ancient city of Arcadia in the Peloponnese. The site of ancient Kleitor lies at the western end of a valley; modern Kleitoria lies at the eastern end.
Lerna
Lerna was an ancient settlement on the east coast of the Peloponnesus. Extensive Bronze Age layers were excavated in the twentieth century by J. L. Caskey.
Malanga
Ptolemy places this ancient city in India. BAtlas identifies it firmly with modern Kanchipuram, which is located inland and southwest from modern Chennai.
Methone (Magnesian)
An ancient settlement located on the western side of the Magnesian peninsula on a hill named Nevestiki near modern Lekhonia (Volos municipality, Greece).
Roman colonia at York
The walled settlement of Eburacum, which was granted colonial status possibly during the reign of Caracalla, was located on the southwest side of the river Ouse opposite the fortress.
Teate
Originally named Teate Marrucinorum, Teate (modern Chieti) was the principal settlement of the Marrucini. Strabo attributes its origins to Arcadian Greeks.
Thorikos
Thorikos was a coastal deme of the tribe Akamantis, in southeastern Attica. A significant Mycenaean prescence existed at the site during the Bronze Age.
Antinoopolis
An ancient city in Egypt established by Hadrian in A.D. 122 in honor of Antinous. The city stood on the east bank of the Nile, opposite Hermopolis.
Hippola
Hippola was a town of ancient Laconia located to the northwest of Taenarum. Pausanias describes its ruins which included a temple of Athena Hippolaitis.
Hybla Heraia
Hybla Heraia (modern Ragusa) was an indigenous center of ancient Sicily that came into contact with Greek and, later, Roman and Byzantine cultures.
Iuvanum
A Roman municipium founded in 87 BC after the Social War, Iuvanum sits on the site of a pre-existing Samnite settlement that occupies an upland plateau.
Kayal
A medieval port city on the Bay of Bengal that seems to have replaced ancient Korkai as landscape change modified the course of the Tamiraparani river and the coastline at its delta.
Leusaba
An ancient settlement, labeled on the Peutinger Map and listed by both the Antonine and Ravenna itineraries. Modern Mrkonjić Grad in Bosnia-Herzegovina.
Matarrah
Hilltop settlement in northern Iraq representing one of the oldest villages of the Near East. Archaeological evidence shows that this was an early location of agricultural practices.
Tell el-Hesi
Archaeological site located in southern Palestine with signs of habitation (with gaps) from the late Neolithic through the Hellenistic period, as well as burials from Late Antiquity.
Tepe Abdul Hosein
Settlement site near Abdul Hosein village in Luristan, Iran dated to the Neolithic period. The site was occupied by non-sedentary people who left behind no structures besides a wall.
Workmen's rest-houses
Facilities built by the workers of the village of Deir el-Medina to serve as a place of rest and worship on the road linking the village of Deir el-Medina to the Valley of the Kings.
*Arkathiokerta/‘Artagigarta’/Baras/Basileon Phrourion/Ingila
An ancient place, cited: BAtlas 89 C2 *Arkathiokerta/‘Artagigarta’/Baras/Basileon Phrourion/Ingila
Abra
An ancient settlement, approximately located by the Barrington Atlas, some 1.5 miles west of modern Torredonjimeno in Spain's Andalucía autonomous region.
Hijovejo
A fortified, pre-Roman oppidum with concentric fortification circuits, the site of Hijovejo existed during a transitional phase in Iberia (second century B.C. to first century A.D.)
Laus Pompeia
Laus Pompeia is an ancient city located in Transpadane Gaul. It was situated along the road between Mediolanum and Placentia. Modern Lodi Vecchio.
Pimolisa
A fortified town of Paphlagonia on the Halys river, Pimolisa had been destroyed by Strabo's time. The district retained a memory of its name, however.
Sacer Mons
Sacer Mons is a hill on the banks of the Anio River and is connected, traditionally, with the episode of the secession of the Roman plebs of 494 BC.
Sublaqueum
An ancient settlement, located at modern Subiaco in Italy, Sublaqueum was located in the territory of the Aequi that was annexed by Rome in 304 B.C.
Tell Uqair
The archaeological site of Tell Uqair, ancient name unknown, is noted for its Uruk period architecture. This includes a small tripartite temple that stands on an irregular platform.
Valencihuela
A Spanish village located in the east of the province of Córdoba, near Jaén, that belonged to the kingdom of Alfonso X. Today it is known as Valenzuela.
Ag. Eirene
Ayia Irini, located on Keos, was occupied from the Late Neolithic until the Mycenaean period. The site was extensively excavated under J.L. Caskey.
Ain el-Sabil
Roman/late antique settlement, with visible remains of streets and mud-brick structures, including a church, two pigeon towers, and possibly residential units. Largely unexcavated.
Arsamosata
A city in Armenia, probably founded by Arsames in the early second century BCE, perhaps at the site of modern Haraba (now under the Keban Dam Lake)
Bergomum
Originally a center of the archaic Golasecca culture, Bergomum became a municipium of the tribus Voturia. In 452, Attila captured and razed the city.
Braughing
A small Roman settlement near Ermine Street and Stane Street was established in the second half of the first century CE at Braughing, United Kingdom.
Hippos
Hippos was an ancient city that flourished between the third century B.C. and the seventh century A.D. It was abandoned following an earthquake in 749.
Jiga tepe
A site located in Balkh Province, east of Dilbarjin. The material observed at the site dates to the Hellenistic, Kushan, and Early Sasanian periods.
Le Crot au Port, Fontenay-près-Vézelay
A Gallo-Roman site with a long history of occupation. There is evidence at Vézelay for the processing of iron ore, as well as a temple dedicated to Bacchus and a Gallo-Roman fanum.
Lykopolis/Siout
A city of the west bank of the Nile, Lykopolis/Siout was the capital of the Thirteenth Nome of Upper Egypt (Lycopolites Nome) around 3100 B.C.
Milseburg (oppidum)
An iron-age fortified settlement (oppidum with ring wall) located on the Milseburg mountain in the modern German municipality of Danzwiesen (Hesse).
Parthenion
A settlement attested in ancient sources, that was probably located along the modern Ilias Çay in Turkey, downstream from the modern Yortanlı dam.
Semiyarka
A large, Late Bronze Age settlement near modern Jetijar (formerly Semiyarka) in north-eastern Kazakhstan that has yielded significant evidence for copper and tin-bronze metallurgy.
Steiria
Steiria was a deme of ancient Attica. It was located on the east coast of Attica, between Prasiae and Brauron, and belonged to the phyle of Pandionis.
Abdera
An ancient Phoenician port settlement at modern Adra on the southern Spanish coast that was continually inhabited through the end of the Roman period.
Acrae
Akrai, an ancient city of Sicily, originated as a colony founded by Syracuse in 664 B.C., making it the first of the city's three colonial foundations.
Alburnus Maior
A settlement and gold mining complex at modern Roşia Montană in Romania. The Roșia Montană Mining Landscape was added to the UNESCO World Heritage List in 2021.
Anakaia?
Anakaia (or Anacaea) was a deme of ancient Attica and a part of the phyle of Hippothontis. It is thought to have been located near modern Mygdaleza.
Augusta Taurinorum
Augusta Taurinorum (modern Turin), the settlement of indigenous Celto-Ligurian peoples, was re-settled as a Roman veteran colony in 28 BC.
Complutum
Complutum (modern Alcalá de Henares in Spain) was an ancient oppidum founded in the first century CE and largely re-fashioned in the third century.
Göltepe
An archaeological site in the Central Taurus Mountains dated to the early Bronze Age. The Göltepe hill contains traces of a village associated with the nearby mine site of Kestel.
Karphi
An archaeological site in the Dikti Mountains of Crete that was the location of a post-Bronze Age 'refuge' settlement of Minoan and Mycenaean peoples.
Meninx (settlement)
A harbor settlement (in the vicinity of modern El Kantara) in the southern part of the Tunisian island of Djerba (ancient Meninx/Lotophagitis/Girba).
Muṣaṣir
A town mentioned in Neo-Assyrian sources. Although the city's exact location is not known, it has tentatively been identified with modern Mergasur, which is 10 km west of Topzawa.
Olynthos
Olynthos was an ancient city of the Chalcidice, founded in the seventh century B.C. and destroyed in 348 B.C. by the forces of Philip II of Macedon.
Pantikapaion/Bosp(h)orus
The main city and port of the Kimmerian Bosporus, founded by Miletus in the late seventh or early sixth centuries B.C. Modern Kerch.
Pompeii
An ancient city of Campania destroyed by the volcanic eruption of Mt. Vesuvius in A.D. 79, Pompeii was named as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1997.
Uchi Maius
Uchi Maius was a township of Africa Proconsularis where Marius settled veterans. It did not achieve the status of colonia until the third century.
Bauterna
Bauterna was an ancient place, probably a settlement, in Bactria and was included on the Peutinger map. It is probably to be identified with modern Khuzdar in Pakistan (Brunner).
Bylazora
Excavated since 2008, a settlement site near the town of Knezje in Macedonia's Sveti Nikole municipality, has been identified as ancient Bylazora.
Deire
Deire is located on a promontory (modern Ras Siyyan) on the western side of the Bab-el-Mandeb strait, located between the Red Sea and the Gulf of Aden.
Hydata Hypsitana/Forum Traiani
Hydata Hypsitana/Forum Traiani (modern Fordongianus) was a Roman settlement in Sardinia along the road from Tibula to Othoca.
Olbia
Olbia was a large fortified settlement established by Massilia on the Mediterranean coast east of the Rhône river at the end of the fourth century BC.
Pontes
A place mentioned in the Antonine Itinerary (Pontibus). Scholars tentatively associate it with modern Ponches-Estruval in France's Somme department.
Tell Leilan
Tell Leilan is situated near the Wadi Jarrah, in the Khabur River basin in Al-Hasakah Governorate, northeastern Syria. The ancient names of the site are Shekhna and Shubat-Enlil.
Thuburbo Maius
An ancient settlement with extensive archaeological remains, located north across the river Kebir from the modern city of El Fahs in Tunisia.
Uşaklı Höyük
A Bronze and Iron Age site in Yozgat province, Turkey, tentatively identified as the Hittite town of Zippalanda (Çadır Höyük is another candidate for the location of Zippalanda).
Agatha
Agatha (modern Agde), also known as Agatha Tyche, was a colonial foundation of ca. 525 B.C. The colony was founded by Phocaean Greeks from Massilia.
Aigion
A city-state of ancient Achaea that numbered as one of the 12 Achaean cities. The city was located 30 stades from Rhypae, and 40 stades from Helice.
Aigosthena
Aigosthena was a fortified city of in the Megaris that served as one of Megara's ports. In the Hellenistic period, it became an autonomous city.
Atuatuca
Atuatuca (modern Tongeren, Belgium) was also known as Aduatuca Tungrorum or Atuatuca Tongrorum and served as the capital of the Civitas Tungrorum.
Banabasi
A settlement in south India that has served as a regional administrative and sacred center since at least the beginning of the first millennium CE.
Basta
An ancient settlement of Calabria that, according to Pliny the Elder, was located between Hydruntum and the Iapygian Promontory. Modern Vaste, Italy.
Ivan-i Karkheh/Eran-Khurra-(kard-) Shapur?/Karkha de Ladan
An ancient place, cited: BAtlas 92 D4 Ivan-i Karkheh/Eran-Khurra-(kard-) Shapur?/Karkha de Ladan
Margidunum
Margidunum was a large settlement along the Fosse Way that began as a Roman fort during the mid-first century A.D. and was abandoned ca. A.D. 70.
Mopsou(h)estia/Seleukeia pros to Pyramo
Mopsou(h)estia/Seleukeia pros to Pyramo was an ancient settlement in Cilicia Pedias (now modern Yakapınar, Turkey).
So-called Area A in Berenike
Ruins of a Hellenistic courtyard house (possibly connected to the adjacent building, known as Area X) in the archaeological site of Sidi Khiribech in Berenike (modern Benghazi).
Tartessos
Tartessos was a harbor city and surrounding region located on the southern coast of the Iberian peninsula at the mouth of the Guadalquivir River.
Achilleion
An ancient Greek city in the southwest of the Troas. A site that in antiquity was considered to be the tomb of Achilles is nearby at Beşiktepe.
Aquinum
Aquinum was a municipium by the time of Cicero. It was thought to be the place of birth for the satirist Juvenal and the emperor Pescennius Niger.
Augustodunum
Augustodunum was an Augustan foundation located at the point where the river basins of the Loire, Saône, and Rhône rivers meet. Modern Autun.
Brigantium
Brigantium (modern Bregenz) was a Celtic settlement from at least the fifth century B.C. and came under Roman control in the first century B.C.
Brylleion/Myrleia/Apamea/Col. Iulia Concordia
Brylleion/Myrleia/Apamea/Col. Iulia Concordia was a city in Bithynia founded originally by the Colophonians.
Circesium/Qarquza/Habora/Phaliga?
A Roman limes fortress located in Mesopotamia, along the Khabur river, near the point where it flows into the Euphrates.
Dertona
A city founded in the second century B.C. at the junction of the Via Postumia and Via Aemilia Scauri which merged to become the Via Julia Augusta.
Europos
An ancient city in Macedonia. The known components of the site (acropolis, extensive necropolis) are located immediately south of the modern town.
Kydonia
An ancient settlement on Crete inhabited since the Neolithic period, Kydonia has been a major center of Minoan, Greek, and Byzantine civilization.
Kınık Höyük
An archaeological site in southern Cappadocia. Inhabited from the Late Bronze Age through the Middle Iron Age, Kınık Höyük was an important settlement in the Kingdom of Tuwana.
Mandra Castellone
A fortified Oscan center at high altitude (647 meters) located near Capriati al Volturno. The site is difficult to access, and the fortifications measure 80 meters in diameter.
Nicopolis
An ancient city of Epirus founded by Octavian ca. 31 B.C. to commemorate his victory over Marcus Antonius and Cleopatra at the Battle of Actium.
Qalat-i Dinka
Archaeological site in the Peshdar Plain with remains dated to the Neo-Assyrian period. The mound is part of a larger frontier settlement known as the Dinka Settlement Complex.
Roob
Site of an important Bronze Age and Iron Age city located in the Bet She'an Valley about 5 km south of Beit She'an and 3 km west of the Jordan River.
Silla de Papa
The archaeological site of an oppidum of either Punic or bastulo-Punic origin located in the Spanish municipality of Tarifa (Cádiz). It was likely a precursor of Baelo Claudia.
Tall ‘Atij
Small settlement on the Khabur river inhabited during the Early Bronze Age (ca. 2900-2600 BCE). The site may have been located on an island during the period of its habitation.
[Aberta]
A significant site, estimated at 150 hectares during the Sassanian period, contracting to 100 hectares during the Early Islamic-Sāmarrān period.
Arados
Arados (modern Arwad, Syria) is located on Ruad Island in the Syrian Sea. The island was first settled by Phoenicians in the second millennium BC.
Castulo
An Ibero-Roman settlement of Baetica that was inhabited beginning in the Neolithic period. It is noted for the silver mines of the Sierra Morena.
Cillium
Cillium (modern Kasserine, Tunisia) occupies a strategic location in the gap between the Semmama and Chambi mountains, along the road from Gafsa.
Cornus
Cornus was an ancient settlement on the west coast of Sardinia. The site is located in the modern municipal territory of S. Caterina di Pittinuri.
Gird-i Bazar
Archaeological site in the Peshdar Plain with remains dated to the Neo-Assyrian period. The site is part of a larger frontier settlement known as the Dinka Settlement Complex.
Guadalferza
A Spanish castle and village located in the south of the province of Toledo, 18 km from Los Yébenes, that belonged to the kingdom of Alfonso X. It is now known as Guadalerzas.
Hatra
Hatra (al-Hadr) is an ancient city of western Assyria. Founded perhaps in the third century BC, the city rose to prominence in the Parthian Empire.
Hierapolis/Bambyke
Hierapolis/Bambyke was an ancient settlement of Commagene. The city was also a center for the worship of the Syrian goddess Atargatis.
Kadasa
A multi-period settlement, with Bronze Age to Roman occupation, most notably the site of a large, Persian and Hellenistic administrative building.
Malaca
A Roman city of Baetica that was perhaps founded by the Carthaginians in the fifth century BC. Modern Malaga, on the Mediterranean coast of Spain.
Phaleron
Phalerum was a port settlement and deme of ancient Athens, located approximately 5 km southwest of the Acropolis of Athens, on the Saronic Gulf.
Sitifis
An ancient site at modern Sétif in Algeria, originally founded as a colonial settlement for Roman veterans during the reign of the emperor Nerva.
Spalatum
Spalatum (modern Split, Croatia) is an ancient settlement on the Adriatic coast most noted for the palatial residence of the emperor Diocletian.
Tripolis ad Maeandrum/Apollonia ad Maeandrum/Antoniopolis
An ancient place, cited: BAtlas 65 A1 Tripolis ad Maeandrum/Apollonia ad Maeandrum/Antoniopolis
Tzon/Tzur
Tzon/Tzur (modern Derbent, Russia) was also known in antiquity as Darband, an ancient city in Dāḡestān on the western shore of the Caspian Sea.
Vicus Matrini
Vicus Matrini was a mansio along the Via Cassia, located between Sutri and Forum Cassi. The site's name is attested on the Peutinger Table.
Al-Sabaa wa Arbain
Al-Sabaa wa Arbain (Saba‘ wa Arba’īn) is a small modern town in northeastern Syria (al-Hasakah Governorate). The settlement sits atop a small mound of ruins (ancient name not known).
Anxanum
City of the Frentani, situated on a hill about 5 miles from the Adriatic Sea, and 8 miles from the mouth of the river Sagrus or Sangro in Italy.
Cerro de las Cabezas
The Cerro de las Cabezas is an archaeological site located approx. 8 km south of Valdepeñas, in the province of Ciudad Real, Spain.
Dhaskalio (settlement)
An Early Cycladic settlement identified on the island of Daskalio in the Cyclades. This settlement is the most substantial yet known for the Early Bronze Age in the Cyclades.
Ilgynly-Depe
Chalcolithic settlement near Chaacha, Turkmenistan. This site was initially settled in the fifth millennium BCE, flourished in the mid-fourth, and was subsequently abandoned.
Iulia Concordia
Iulia Concordia (Concordia Sagittaria) was established by the Romans in 42 BC at the intersection of the Via Annia and the Via Postumia.
Iulium Carnicum
Iulium Carnicum (modern Zuglio) was a Roman settlement built atop an indigenous settlement after 52 BC. It was a dependency of Aquileia.
Old Winteringham
Site of extensive Roman occupation and possible Claudio-Neronian military base where Ermine Street crosses the river Humber, opposite the fort at Petuaria (Brough-on-Humber).
Podere Pievina
A farm site with a least two occupation phases - one dating between the second century BC and early first century AD and the second between the fourth and fifth centuries AD.
Sexi/Saxetanum
Sexi/Saxetanum (modern Almuñécar) was a Phoenician colony established ca. 800 BC that eventually became a Roman one (Sexi Firmum Iulium).
[Jundishapur]/Veh-Andiyok-Shapur/Beth Lapat/Bendosaboron
An ancient place, cited: BAtlas 93 E1 [Jundishapur]/Veh-Andiyok-Shapur/Beth Lapat/Bendosaboron
Aloquaz
A Spanish village located in the south of the province of Sevilla, between Sevilla and Cádiz, that belonged to the kingdom of Alfonso X. It is now known as Torres de Alocaz.
Atarneus
An ancient Greek city in Aeolis that lies on the mainland opposite the island of Lesbos, northeast of the town of Dikili in modern-day Turkey.
Col. Camulodunum
Col. Camulodunum (Colchester) was the pre-Roman capital of the Trinovantes; it received a Roman city after the annexation of Britannia.
Col. Forum Iulii
Col. Forum Iulii (modern Fréjus) was a Roman military colony, most likely founded by Iulius Caesar, that served as a major naval base.
Ephyra/Kichyros
An ancient settlement located on the hill immediately north of modern Mesopotamo in the modern Greek regional unit of Preveza (Epirus).
Hippo Diarrhytus
Hippo Diarrhytus was an ancient port located on the coast of North Africa. The site is now occupied by the city of Bizerte in Tunisia.
Monteverde
The eleventh century monastery of Santa Maria di Monteverde sits atop and reuses elements of Roman and pre-Roman settlements on the hilltop.
Nakrason (or Nakrasos)
An ancient settlement whose precise location is unknown. Modern scholars place it variously at Bakir, Maltepe, or İlyaslar in modern Turkey.
Naqa
Naqa is an ancient city located approximately 170 km northeast of Khartoum in modern-day Sudan. Naqa was part of the Kushitic Kingdom of Meroë.
Neretum
An ancient settlement of the Messapii in Apulia captured by the Romans in 269 BC. The Trajanic extension of the Via Appia ran through the site.
Sarteano
Sarteano is located between the Val d'Orcia and the Valdichiana. It is known in particular for its rich evidence of Etruscan funerary culture.
Scicli
Scicli is the site of settlement beginning in the third millennium BC. The town of Scicli is believed to have been founded by Sicels ca. 300 BC.
Selinus
A Greek colonial city located on the southern coast of Sicily, Selinus was said to have been founded as a colony of the city of Megara Hyblaia.
Serra del Cedro (Basilicata)
The hill of Serra del Cedro in Basilicata (858 meters above sea level) is occupied already in the archaic period. By the fourth century BCE the settlement covers some 30 ha.
Tadinae
Tadinae (Sant'Antonio della Rasina to the west of Gualdo Tadino) is an ancient municipium of Umbria and was a road station on the Via Flaminia.
Teanum Apulum
A town in ancient Apulia located between Larinum and and Sipontum. Rome took control of the site in 318 BC, granting it municipal status.
Teanum Sidicinum
Teanum Sidicinum (modern Teano) was the capital of the Oscan-speaking Sidicini tribe. The city likely submitted to Rome after 334 B.C.
Tiora Matiene
Tiora Matiene was the site of an ancient oracle of the god Mars. The Barrington Atlas tentatively placed it at modern Teora, near Barete.
Achladia
A Minoan site in eastern Crete that was the site of a so-called "large rural villa" covering some 270 square meters and dating to the Middle Minoan and Late Minoan periods.
Ai/Et-Tell
Ai/Et-Tell was a Canaanite royal city that is mentioned in the Book of Joshua in the Hebrew Bible. The archaeological site of Et-Tell is associated with this ancient place.
al-Jumayil
An archaeological site of Byzantine and possibly earlier date located at the modern town of al-Jumayil in Jordan. It may be identifiable as the biblical site of Beth Gamul.
Andeualo
A Spanish village located in the southwest of the province of Huelva that belonged to the kingdom of Alfonso X. It is now known as El Andévalo.
Cyrrus/Hagioupolis
Seleucid kings (either Seleucus I Nicator or Antiochus I Soter), likely founded Cyrrhus in the first half of the third century B.C.
Durolitum
The site of a Romano-British Settlement is located at Little London, Chigwell. The site is located above the flood plain of the River Roding.
Grimspound
A prehistoric settlement of the late Bronze Age located in the Dartmoor area of south Devon, England. The remains of 24 stone houses survive within a massive boundary wall.
Langobriga
This ancient settlement is thought to have been located at modern Monte de S. Maria/Redondo (Fiães parish, Feira municipality) in Portugal.
Nabulu
A town mentioned in Neo-Assyrian sources that is now identified as modern Girnavaz Höyük. Nabulu was a Late Bronze Age and an Iron Age settlement located north of Nusaybin.
Neapolis
Neapolis (modern Nabeul, Tunisia) is a coastal town on the Cap Bon peninsula that was founded by Greeks from Cyrene in the fifth century B.C.
Pheradi Maius
Pheradi Maius was a civitas of Africa Proconsularis. The archaeological site is today located near the village of Sidi Khelifa, Tunisia.
Pommeroeul
A Gallo-Roman settlement and associated necropolis were discovered in the vicinity of the modern Belgian village of Pommerœul in the 1970s.
Premis
Qasr Ibrim is an archaeological site in Lower Nubia. The site has a long history of occupation stretching from the eighth century B.C. to 1813.
Rhaga(i)/Europos/Arsakia/Ray
Rhaga(i), now the city of Rey in Iran, was an important settlement of the Medes that declined after the Mongol invasions.
Scythopolis/Nysa
A settlement located at the juncture of the Jordan and Jezreel valleys, Scythopolis/Nysa had important Egyptian through Roman phases.
Temenion
Temenion was located in the Argolid. It was built by Temenus, the son of Aristomachus. Temenion lay 50 stades from Nauplia and 26 from Argos.
Toprak Kala
The site of a walled Chorasmian city, inhabited from the first to the sixth centuries CE, is located approximately 40 kilometers north of the Afrighid capital city of Kath.
T͡Sart͡siaty Kalak
Settlement site near the Georgian village Edisa in South Ossetia. Archaeological remains, including burials, were found in this site dating from the 11th-12th centuries CE.
Çadır Höyük
An archaeological site in Yozgat province, Turkey, tentatively identified as the Hittite town Zippalanda (Uşaklı Höyük is another candidate for the location of Zippalanda).
Achaion Limen
An ancient settlement in Aeolis, located between Myrina and Gryneion. According to Strabo, there was an altar of the Twelve Gods there.
Androna/Andarna
Modern Al Andarin, a ruined late-antique / early Byzantine walled city located in modern Syria, about 75km south-southeast of Aleppo.
Apta Iulia
Once the most important town of the Gallic Vulgientes, Romans destroyed the site ca. 125 BC and Iulius Caesar re-founded it as Apta Iulia.
Archaeological area of Macchia Grande
The archaeological area of Macchia Grande provides archaeological evidence for multiple phases of human occupation from the Villanovan period to the Roman Imperial period.
archaeological area of Monte Bibele
An important later Etruscan and Celtic settlement in the Po Plain with signs of occupation in the Late Bronze Age and then again between the fifth and second centuries BC.
Bargylia
An ancient city of Caria, now known in Turkish as Varvıl. The site is located near the modern Turkish village of Boğaziçi in Muğla province.
Cartana/Karnasa/Tetrogonis
The site of Cartana/Karnasa/Tetrogonis remains unlocated, although scholars have advanced various theories as to its location.
Castro de Troña
An elliptical, terraced Iron Age settlement of the Castro culture located in Pias, near Mondariz, Spain. The sites is located at an altitude of 280 meters above sea level.
Condate
A settlement along Watling Street, roughly midway between Deva and Mamucium. i.e., located at the modern town of Northwich (Cheshire, England)
Dorion
A fortified hilltop settlement overlooking the Soulima Valley in northern Messenia. Dorion appears in the Catalogue of Ships in Homer's Iliad.
Ghubayrā
Town in southern Iran built on a burial site used in the 3rd-4th millennia BCE and the Sasanian period. The town on the site was inhabited from from the 10th-14th century.
Gran Carro (Bolsena)
A Proto-Villanovan settlement at Lake Bolsena. Discovered in 1959, this protohistoric settlement was situated on an island that is now submerged in the waters of the lake.
Naupactus
Originally a city of the Ozolian Locrians, Naupactus eventually fell to Athens; under Macedonian rule, Philip II ceded it to the Aetolians.
Neolithic Settlement at Knossos
A neolithic settlement on a hill known today as Kephala, south of Heraklion on the island of Crete. It preceded the Bronze Age (Minoan) palace and settlement on this site.
Sergilla
One of the "Dead Cities" of northern Syria, Sergilla (or Serjilla) was founded in 473. It lies close to the ruins of Bara in the Jebel Riha.
Sidi-Saïd
Tunisian location of ruins of an "agglomération urbain" tentatively identified in AAT with the attested "Elephantaria" (whence BAtlas).
Aixone
Aixone was an ancient coastal deme of the phyle Kekropis, located on the west coast of Attica south of Athens in the area of modern Glyphada.
Allahdino
A settlement located some 40km outside of modern Karachi, Pakistan, dating to the Mature Harappan period. The site was abandoned by the close of the third millennium BCE.
Bousiris
Bousiris was a city of Lower Egypt near the Phatnitic mouth of the Nile river and was considered one of the possible birthplaces of Osiris.
Brenthe
Brenthe was a city in Arcadia that was reportedly in ruins in Pausanias' time. It was located close to the right bank of the river Alpheius.
Col. Lindum
An Pre-Roman Iron Age settlement of Britain that became the site of a Roman colony after A.D. 71; its full name was Domitiana Lindensium.
Editorially deepened places
The first editorial phase connects geographic records with dated political, biblical and ecclesiastical layers while preserving point-versus-boundary semantics.
Place deepening — Phase II
Fifty additional locations now include a chronological and spatial research layer without converting point anchors into invented boundaries.
Uruk/Orchoe/Erech/OrikutLarsaNippur/Nufar/‘Hippareni’EriduIsinKishNineveh/NinosNimrudHarran/CarrhaeEcbatana/Hagmatana/Achmeta/Epiphaneia/AhmadanPersepolis/Parsa/Persai/Sat SetunSusa/Seleucia ad EulaeumCtesiphonPalmyraJerichoAshqelon/AscalonEmmaus/NicopolisPaneas/Caesarea PhilippiGerasa/Antiochia ad Chrysorhoam(Nea) PaphosSalamis (settlement)Ilium/TroiaKnosos/Col. Iulia Nobilis CnososGortyn(a)PhaistosMytileneKrenides/Philippi/Col. Augusta Iulia PhilippensisNaulochon/Smyrna/Palaia SmyrnaNicomediaCyzicusHierapolis/PamukkaleLaodicea ad Lycum/Diospolis/RoasApamea/Kelainai/KibotosPompeiiPoseidonia/PaestumCol. LugdunumCyreneCarthago Nova/Col. Urbs IuliaNeapolis/Lepcis MagnaBostra/Col. Nova Traiana AlexandrianaAradosHeliopolis/Col. Iulia Augusta FelixNisibis/AntiochiaOxyrhynchus/PemjeQumranScythopolis/NysaElephantineDiospolis Magna/ThebaiAnurādhapuraGreat Zimbabwe